中国史前文字与甲骨文

全书简明概要
一、关于 5000 年前，中华民族的史前文明问题，最有说服力的证据，就
是古文字。作者在 16 年中，发现和搜集了大量的史前文字，如红山文化中的
古文字；良渚文化中的古文字和马家窑、齐家文化的古文字。这 些文字都是成熟的，已在生活中正式使用的古文字。这些古文字都契刻在高古玉上。
1. In terms of 5000 years ago, the most convincing evidence about the prehistoric
civilization of the Chinese nation is the ancient characters. In the past 16 years, the
author has found and collected a large number of prehistoric characters, such as the
ancient characters in Hongshan Culture, the ancient characters of Liangzhu Culture
and Majiayao and Qijia Culture. These characters are mature ancient characters that have been used in normal life.
二、在 5000 年前的史前文字当中，发现了大量的甲骨文。在长江下游的
良渚文化中，史前先民早就在使用甲骨文。这些甲骨文与河南安阳出土的甲骨
文完全相同，却比河南安阳出土的甲骨文早 2000 年。有大量的实物证据，高古玉，及古文字。
2. Among the prehistoric characters 5000 years ago, a large number of
oracle bone inscriptions were found. For example, in the Liangzhu Culture in the
lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the prehistoric people were using oracle bone
inscriptions. These oracle bone inscriptions are the same as the family runes of
Anyang culture in Runan, but they are 2000 years earlier than the oracle bone
inscriptions in Anyang. There is a lot of practical evidence.
三、河南舞阳贾湖遗址发掘中，出土部分古文字。依据笔者的甲骨学知识
判断。这些古文字应属甲骨文无疑。经碳 14 测年法测定，距今约 9000 年左右。
可见，甲骨文是中国最古老的文字，同时，也应当是世界最古老的文字之一。
贾湖遗址出土的甲骨文中，有几个字与良渚文化中的甲骨文，和安阳出土的甲
骨文，完全相同，如“
”字，“ ”字，“ ”字，“ ”字等。
这也证明甲骨文的传承关系。贾湖遗址出土的甲骨文，应当属于甲骨文的早期。
良渚时期的甲骨文属于中期，河南安阳出土的甲骨文应当属于晚期。他们应一脉相承。
3.During the excavation of Jiahu Site in Wuyang, Henan Province, some ancient
characters were drawn. According to the author"s oracle bone, it is only a jud gment.
There is no doubt that these ancient characters should belong to oracle bone
inscriptions. According to the carbon 14 dating method, it is about 9000 years ago. It can be seen that oracle bone inscriptions are the oldest characters in China and should
also be the oldest characters in the world. Among the oracle bones unearthed at Jiahu
Site, several characters are exactly the same as those in Liangzhu Culture and those
in Anyang, such as " " characters, " " characters, " " characters, " " characters and so
on, which also proves the inheritance relationship of oracle bones. Jiahu"s oracle bone
inscriptions should belong to the early stage of oracle bone inscriptions. Liangzhu"s
oracle bone inscriptions belong to the middle stage. Runan Anyang"s oracle bone inscriptions belong to the late stage.
四、甲骨，及甲骨文。笔者所藏甲骨文，以照片的形式出版，是为保留甲
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 一、 作者简介
一、 作者简介
1.Introduction to the author
何银涛，北京人。
He Yintao is from Beijing.
一九四五年一月生于北京衙门口。
He was born in January 1945 at the Yamen gate of Beijing.
一九八八年九月，经北京市专业技术评审委员会评审，任命为国家第一批
房地产经济师。
In September 1988, he was appointed as the rst batch of real estate economists
in the country after being evaluated by the Beijing profession al and technical
evaluation committee.
作者天生就对残碑古庙之类的古文化感兴趣，特别是史前遗址，遗物 ...... 诸
如旧的陶瓦片；一块红烧土；动物的骨骼化石 ...... 都令人爱不释手，遐想连篇。
The author is naturally interested in ancient culture such as remnant stele and
ancient temples, especially prehistoric sites and relics...... such as old pottery tiles. A
piece of braised soil, animal skeleton fossils...... are unforgettable and reverie.
可能是命运，
Maybe it"s fate,
更可能是缘分 ......
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
More likely it is fate......
二零零五年五月，我参观辽宁锦州古玩城。转了一圈，一无所获。心里有
些失落。再走，就走出古玩城的大门了，我不甘心的朝地上扫了一眼，这是最 后一个摊位，就是这最后一眼，我看见旮旯处有一块圆乎乎的石头，看不清。
In May 2005, I visited Jinzhou Antique City, Liaoning Province. I took a turn
and got nothing. I feel a little lost. After walking again, I walked out of the gate of the
antique city. I reluctantly glanced at the ground. This is the last booth. This is the last
one. I saw a round stone in a corner. I couldn"t see it clearly.
我看了一眼摊主，用手指了指。
I glanced at the stall owner and pointed with my nger.
摊主先呆了一下，之后转身从地上抱起那块沉甸甸的石头，放在我的面前。
The stall owner stayed for a while, then turned around, picked up the heavy
stone from the ground and put it in front of me.
“哇！”我惊呆了！我的心脏突突突地开始狂跳！这是一颗古代人头像！
"Wow!” I was stunned! My heart began to beat wildly! This is an ancient human
head!
生动，神勇！他双眼怒视，张着大嘴，仿佛在冲你呐喊：“什么人，不准
进来！”
Vivid and brave! His eyes glared and his mouth opened as if he were shouting at
you, "Who are you? Don"t come in!”
我与他双目注视。我无语，我们似曾相识，我猛然想起南宋诗人辛弃疾在
诗中所云：“众里寻他千百度，蓦然回首。那人却在，灯火阑珊处。”
I stared at him. I was speechless. We were familiar. I suddenly remembered what
Xin Qiji, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, said in his poem, "I looked for him in
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 一、 作者简介
the crowd and suddenly looked back. But the man was there, where the lights were
dim.”
我默默地注视着他。
I watched him silently.久违了，我的朋友。
Long time no see, my friend.
回北京后，经中国收藏家协会刘建业先生及有关专家鉴定，这是一颗玉雕
镇墓俑人头像，大约属南北朝时期。
After returning to Beijing, it was identified by Mr. Liu Jianye of the China
collectors association and relevant experts. This is the head of a tomb Figurine in the jade carving town, which belongs to the northern and Southern Dynasties.
形神兼备，精美绝伦！
It’s exquisite not only the form but also the spirit!
他从此与我携手，改变了我的人生轨迹！这一走就是十五年，一直走到今
天，还在走！这条路，就是收藏之路！探索之路！发现之路！
He joined hands with me and changed the track of my life! It"s been 15 years
since I left. I"m still going today! This road is the road of collection! T he road of
exploration! The way of discovery!
旧书摊我是常客。
I"m a regular at the old book stand.
我抱回一大堆旧书、旧报、旧杂志，特别是《文物报》合订本，十几大本。
I brought back a lot of old books, newspapers and magazines, especially the
bound books of cultural relics news, more than a dozen large books.
如饥如渴的看、读、划重点、做笔记 ......
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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I am hungry to see, read, focus, take notes......
天天看到夜里十二点 ......
Every day at twelve o"clock at night......
每到周六、日，我都必去古玩城市场。
Every Saturday and Sunday, I must go to the antique city market.
潘家园、报国寺、八宝山古玩市场，是我必到的课堂，这里有来自天南地
北的，五花八门的古旧物品，不用说，真假全有。全凭你的眼力，我拿在手上
仔细的看：哈口气，用鼻子嗅，用强光手电透视 ......
Panjiayuan, Baoguo temple and Babaoshan antique market are the classes I must
go to. There are a variety of antique items from all over the world. Needless to say,
there are both true and false. You must have sharp eyes. I take it in my hand and look
carefully, breathe, smell with your nose, see through with a strong ashlight.
“真”永远是第一追求。
"Truth" is always the rst pursuit.
“眼力”实际上就是相关的专业知识。
"Sharp eyes" is actually related to professional knowledge.
年复一年，风雨无阻。
Year after year, rainy or sunny.
一晃六年过去了。
Six years have passed.
我开始有感觉了！我推开了古文化的大门。
I"m beginning to feel it! I opened the door of ancient culture.
我看到了，中国的史前文明。
I see, China"s prehistoric civilization.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 一、 作者简介
古老的史前文化。
Ancient prehistoric culture
精美的艺术品。
Exquisite works of art.
天时，地利，贵人。
Timing, geography and noble people.
我与红山文化不期而遇。
I met Hongshan culture by chance.
我喜欢古玉，特别是高古玉，爱不释手！红山古玉，外形憨厚、淳朴、大气。
以人物和动物造型为多。人物神态生动，可谓形神兼备，件件都是精美的艺术品。
I like ancient jade, especially high ancient jade. I can"t put it down! Hongshan
ancient jade is simple and honest, simple and grand in appearance. More of them are
people and animals. The characters are vivid, both in form and spirit, and each piece is an exquisite work of art.
红山文化主要分布在我国北方辽河流域，及周边的广大地区，距今约 6500
年左右。据考古发现，红山文化的早期，源自距今 8000 年左右的兴隆洼文化。
Hongshan culture is mainly distributed in the Liaohe River Basin in North China
and the surrounding vast areas, about 6500 years ago. According to archaeological
ndings, the early Hongshan culture originated from Xinglongwa culture about 8000 years ago.
出土文物经碳 14 测定，锁定年代。
The unearthed cultural relics are dated by carbon 14 determination.
红山古玉，种类、数量之多，规格体量之大，应属全国第一，世界罕见。例如，
我见到的红山人物圆雕作品，高度接近两米，重约 200 斤左右。这样大型的人
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
物圆雕作品，实属罕见。北京大博物馆都未必有。（注：可参看红山文化图）。 我估计，像这样大型的史前玉雕作品，不仅是中国之最，恐怕也是世界之最。
The ancient jade in Hongshan Culture ranks rst in China and rare in the world
for its variety, quantity and size. For example, the round sculpture of Hongshan
gures I saw is nearly two meters high and weighs about 200 kg. Such a large round
sculpture of gures is rare. There may not be any major museums in Beijing. (Note:
See the Hongshan Culture Atlas (Page 13). I estimate that such a large prehistoric jade carving is not only the most in China, but also the most in the world.
高古玉，是史前的历史遗物。
Gao Guyu is a prehistoric historical relic.
高古玉，闪耀着文明的光辉。
High ancient jade shines with the glory of civilization.
在收藏古玉的过程中，一个偶然的机会，我遇到了一批甲骨文，真是难得。
主要是牛、羊的肩胛骨，上面刻满了卜辞。
In the process of collecting ancient jade, I met a batch of oracle bone inscriptions
by chance. It"s really rare. Mainly the shoulder blades of cattle and sheep, which are engraved with Oracle words.
不用说，就是不吃饭，也要全部买下。
Needless to say, even if you don"t eat, you have to buy it all.
我感到，上帝总是把机会留给那些有准备的人。
I feel that God always leaves opportunities to those who are prepared.
后来，我又收到了几个大型的龟壳、牛的头骨、大型动物的下颚骨等，上
面刻满了甲骨文。
Later, I received several large tortoise shells, cow skulls, jaw bone s of large
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 一、 作者简介
animals, etc., which were engraved with oracle bone inscriptions.
我收的这些甲骨，基本全是完整的。有一块牛的下颚骨上，整整刻上了
240 多个甲骨文。从刻词内容及有关资料考证，这是一块商王武丁时期的甲骨。
The oracle bones I collected are basically complete. 240 oracle bone inscriptions
were engraved on the jaw bone of a cow. From the textual research of the content of
the engraved words and relevant materials, which is a oracle bone of Wuding period,
king of Shang Dynasty.
甲骨文，珍贵的历史文物。光辉的史前文明。
Oracle bone scripts, precious historical relics. Glorious prehistoric civilization.
通过甲骨文，我们慢慢地了解了商、周时期的历史之谜。
Through oracle bone inscriptions, we slowly understand the historical mysteries
of the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
我对甲骨文产生了浓厚的兴趣。
I have a strong interest in Oracle.
自那时候起，我开始收藏带有刻文的古玉。重点是红山文化、良渚文化和
马家窑文化的古文字。
Since then, I began to collect ancient jade with inscriptions. The focus is on the
ancient characters of Hongshan Culture, Liangzhu Culture and Majiayao Culture.
这是关键性的一步。
This is a crucial step.
如果没有对甲骨文的学习，如果没有对高古玉上古文字的收藏，我就不可
能有对中国史前文字的发现，也无法填补中国史前文字的空白，我也就不可能
写这本书了 !
Without the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the collection of ancient
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
characters of gaoguyu, I would not have found Chinese prehistoric characters, nor
could I ll the gap of Chinese prehistoric characters, and I would not be able to write this book!
自 2005 年到今天，16 年的收藏、学习历程，对中国古文化的认知，以及
上百件刻有古文字的史前遗物，我可以负责的说：中国史前文明中，有文字， 而且是成熟使用的文字！大量高古玉上契刻的古文字，就是证明。
From 2005 to today, 16 years of collection and learning, underst anding of
Chinese ancient culture, and hundreds of prehistoric relics engraved with ancient
characters, I can responsibly say in Chinese prehistoric civilization, there are
characters, and they are mature characters! A large number of ancient characters engraved on high ancient jade are proof.
更重要的发现是，在河南安阳发现的，距今 3500 年左右的甲骨文，其实
早在距今 5500 年前的良渚文化时期，就已经使用了。大量的契刻在良渚古玉
上的甲骨文，与河南安阳出土的，刻在牛羊胛骨上的甲骨文，几乎完全相同 !
More importantly, the oracle bone inscriptions discovered in Anyang, Henan
Province, about 3500 years ago have been used as early as the Liangzhu culture period
6000 years ago. A large number of oracle bone inscriptions inscribed on Liangzhu
ancient jade are almost identical to those unearthed in Anyang, Henan Province and engraved on cattle blades!
事实摆在眼前，有些人就是不肯相信 !
The facts are in front of us. Some people just can"t believe it!
良渚文化，与红山文化一样，都是一种传承有序的史前文化。主要分布在
中国南方长江中下游及太湖流域。良渚古玉上的甲骨文证明，中国史前不仅有
文字而且还是成熟的文字。甲骨文不仅在距今 3500 年前的商、周时期在使用，
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 一、 作者简介
其实早在距今 5500 年前的史前时期，就已经在使用，而且那时就是一种成熟 的文字了。
Liangzhu culture, like Hongshan culture, is a prehistoric culture with orderly
inheritance. It is mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze
River and Taihu Lake Basin in southern China. The oracle bone inscriptions on
Liangzhu ancient jade prove that there are not only prehistoric characters, but also
mature characters. Oracle bone inscriptions were used not only in the Shang and Zhou
dynasties 3500 years ago, but also in the prehistoric tribal period 6000 years ago, and they were a mature language at that time.
历史正在证明，中国的远古文明，远不止 5000 年 !
History is proving that China"s ancient civilization may be far more than 5000
years!
中国史前的古文字，可能有多种，分布在不同的地区。这些文字在当时社
会中，已经是成熟使用的文字。
There may be many kinds of ancient characters in Chinese prehistory, which are
distributed in different regions. These characters were mature in the society at that time..
由于习惯思维的作用，我们常常低估了古人的聪明才智。如：一直被认为
西方所独有，亚洲就没出现过的，旧石器时代的一种石器制作技术，即“勒瓦娄哇”
技术，红山人用这种技术，制作出了大量的动物及人物制品。玛瑙线条只有韭
菜叶一般细薄，（注：看红山图三十二）究竟是用什么工具打制成的！玛瑙表
面凹凹凸凸，像是用什么工具敲打出来的，这几乎不可能！什么工具敲上玛瑙
都会断碎。真是绝了 !
Due to the role of habitual thinking, we often underestimate the intelligence of
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
the ancients. For example, It has always been considered to be unique to the West and
never appeared in Asia. A stone tool making technology in the Paleolithic age, namely
"lewalowa" technology, has been used by Hongshan people to make a large number
of animal and human products. Agate lines are only as thin as leek leaves, (Note,
the picture of red mountain 32). What tools are used to make it? The agate surface is
concave and convex. It seems to be knocked out with some tool, but it"s impossible!
Any tool will break when it hits the agate. That"s amazing!
不管是东方人还是西方人，
No matter oriental or western,
有谁不服？
Who disagrees?
在史前的部落中，真的有很多 -------
In prehistoric tribes, there are really many —
大雕刻家
great sculptors
大美术家
great artists
大音乐家
great musicians
天文学家
astronomer
与他们比，我们自愧不如！
Compared with them, we feel inferior!
事实证明，我们的先人创造了史前文明。
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 一、 作者简介
Facts have proved that our ancestors created prehistoric civilization.
文字，是最光辉的载体。
Text is the most brilliant carrier.
江河湖海，天南地北。
Rivers, lakes and seas are everywhere.
一张张古铜色的脸，一双双粗黑的手。
Bronze faces and thick black hands.
创造了历史！大山上精美的岩画，那是古人的歌声！
They made history! The exquisite rock paintings on the mountain are the songs
of the ancients!
古人在岩画中产生了灵感。
The ancients had inspiration in rock paintings.
久而久之，文字在岩画中诞生！
Over time, words were born in rock paintings!
画就是字，字就是画！
Painting is character, character is painting!
所以，我们的史前文字，大都是象形！
Therefore, most of our prehistoric characters are pictographs!
随着文字的出现，黑暗中的原始部落，开始进入了文明！
With the emergence of words, the dark primitive tribes began to enter
civilization!
不同的地域，不同的部落，刻画出不同的文字，释放出不同的文明！
Different regions and tribes depict different characters and release different
civilizations!
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
古人在历史的长河中，一代又一代的消失了。但是他们所创造的历史文化，
古代的艺术品，高古玉上的古文字，这些久远的文明，却传到了我们手中。
The ancients disappeared from generation to generation in the long river of
history. However, the history and culture they created, ancient works of art, ancient characters on high ancient jade and ancient civilization have been passed to us.
十六年了，我走的是一条收藏之路、发现之路、更是学习之路。
For sixteen years, I have taken the road of collection, discovery and learning.
我所收藏的历史文化，特别是高古玉上的古文字告诉我：
中国史前有文字，而且还不是一种文字。中国河南安阳发现的甲骨文，早
在距今 5500 年左右的良渚文化时期就在使用。（注：长江下游及太湖一带）那时，甲骨文就已经是成熟的文字了。
The history and culture I collect, especially the ancient words on the high ancient
jade, tell me there are characters in Chinese prehistory, and they are not a kind of
characters. The oracle bone inscriptions found in Anyang, Henan. They were used as
early as the Liangzhu culture period about 6000 years ago. (Note, lowe r reaches of
Yangtze River. At that time, oracle bone inscriptions were already mature characters.
河南安阳出土的甲骨文，与长江下游良渚文化的甲骨文相比，地域上相距
约 1000 多公里，时间上相差约 2500 至 3000 年，但字形字意几乎完全相同。
Compared with the oracle bone inscriptions of Liangzhu Culture in the lower
reaches of the Yangtze River, the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Anyang,
Henan Province are geographically more than 1000 kilometers away and about 2500
to 3000 years later, but the glyphs are almost identical.
实事证明，甲骨文在中国史前良渚文化时期已经在使用，这是不争的事实。
It is an indisputable fact that oracle bone inscriptions have been used in the
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 一、 作者简介
period of Chinese prehistoric Liangzhu culture
这让中外不少专家、学者瞪大双眼！
This makes many Chinese and foreign experts and scholars astonished!
我信心满满，我准备好一大箱物证，随时准备记者招待会。
I am full of confidence. I have a large box of physical evidence ready for the
press conference at any time.
我想当众向中、外专家学者宣布：
I would like to announce to Chinese and foreign experts and scholars in public:
中国的甲骨文，可能远不止 5500 年！
3.Chinese oracle bone inscriptions may be far more than 5500 years old!
震惊中外的，距今约 9000 年前的中国舞阳贾湖遗址，又出土了大量的史
前遗物，其中就有甲骨文！ ......
Shocked at home and abroad, a large number of prehistoric relics, including
oracle bone inscriptions, were unearthed at the Jiahu Site in Wuyang, China, about 9000 years ago!......
这个遗址是经过碳 14，及释光测年的。
The site was dated by carbon-14 and luminescence.
从甲骨文的字形、构成分析，可能离甲骨文的源头不远了。舞阳贾湖遗址
及周边地区，很可能就是甲骨文发源地。
From the analysis of the shape and composition of oracle bone inscriptions, it
may not be far from the source of oracle bone inscriptions. Wuyang Jiahu Site and its surrounding areas are likely to be the birthplace of oracle bone inscriptions.
从时间及空间上分析：
Time and space analysis:
14
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
舞阳贾湖出土的甲骨文，距今约 8500 年左右，处于黄河及长江中游的中
间地区。这是目前发现的最早的甲骨文。
4.The oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Jiahu, Wuyang, about 8500 years
ago, are located in the middle of the Yellow River and the middle reaches o f the
Yangtze River. This is the earliest Oracle found so far.
贾湖遗址的东南方向，长江中下的良渚区域，出土的甲骨文距今约 5500 年。
In the southeast of Jiahu Site, Liangzhu area in the middle and lower reaches of
the Yangtze River, the unearthed oracle bone inscriptions are about 5500 years ago.
贾湖遗址的东北方向，黄河中游地域的安阳地区，出土大量的甲骨文，距
今约 3500 年左右。
In the northeast of Jiahu Site, Anyang area in the middle reaches of the Yellow
River, a large number of oracle bones were unearthed about 3500 years ago.
贾湖遗址的西后方，即甘肃武石山傅家门出土的两片刻有符号（文字）的
甲骨，距今约 5600 年。出土数量虽少，但很重要。这表明甲骨文的分布之广。
.At the West rear of the Jiahu Site, the two moment oracle bones with symbols
(characters) unearthed at Fujiamen, Wushishan, Gansu Province, are about 5600 years
ago. Although the unearthed quantity is small, it is very important. This shows that oracle bone inscriptions are widely distributed.
这表明甲骨文在中国覆盖区域广泛。
This shows that Oracle covers a wide area in China.
在中国东北地区的辽河流域出土的贝壳上，也发现多个刻写的标准的甲骨
文。这充分证明，中国的甲骨文，产生的时间早，延流的时间长，使用的区域广。 甲骨文不仅是中国最古老的文字，同时也应是世界最古老的文字。
Several carved oracle bone inscriptions were also found on shells unearthed in
15
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 一、 作者简介
Liaohe, Northeast China. This fully proves that Chinese oracle bone inscriptions were
produced early, extended for a long time and used widely. Oracle bone inscriptions are not only the oldest characters in China, but also the oldest characters in the world.
我是搞收藏研究的人，我赞成“真、稀、精”。特别是藏品的“真”，没有真，
其它就无从谈起。
I am a person engaged in collection research. I agree with "true, rare and ne".
Especially the "truth" of the collection. Without truth, there is no way to talk about anything else.
我也赞成考古学的名言：无证不信。
I also agree with the famous saying of ancient studies: Don"t believe it without a
certicate.
我愿通过我手中的历史遗物，来证明中国的远古文明！
I would like to prove China"s ancient civilization through the historical relics in
my hands!
中国史前风格各异的古文字，以及延流至今的甲骨文，就是最有力的证明。
The most powerful proof is the ancient characters with dierent styles in Chinese
Prehistory and the oracle bone inscriptions that continue to ow today.
作者：何银涛
Author: He Yintao
2020 年 6 月 29 日
June 29, 2020
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
二、前 言
Foreword
中国的古文字，
Ancient Chinese characters,
源自何时何地，
From when and where,
这一直都是人们关注的问题。
This has always been a matter of concern.
商朝的甲骨文，距今 3500 年左右，
The oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty are about 3500 years old
对研究商周社会的历史，
To study the history of Shang and Zhou society,
及汉字的源流演变，具有重要的意义。
and the origin and evolution of Chinese characters are of great signicance.
但甲骨文不是从天上掉下来的。
But Oracle didn"t fall from the sky.
甲骨文源自何时何地，它从哪里来？
When did Oracle come from and where did it come from?
不仅文化届在关注。
Not only culture is concerned about it.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 二、前 言
国内、外都在关注。
But also at home and abroad are paying attention.
可巧，我是中国古文化收藏爱好者。
Coincidentally, I am a lover of Chinese ancient culture collection.
特别是对红山文化、良渚文化及马家窑文化特别关注。带有古文字的古玉
器，尤其关注。我的收藏路，至今已有 16 年。
In particular, he paid special attention to Hongshan culture, Liangzhu Culture
and Majiayao culture. We pay special attention to ancient jade articles with ancient
characters. My collection road has been 16 years.
可喜的是，不少高古玉上都刻有古文字，地域不同，文字风格各异。从文
字的构成及文字的排列使用情况分析，这是在当时社会条件下使用的正式文字 无疑。
Fortunately, many high ancient jades are engraved with ancient characters,
with different regions and writing styles. From the analysis of the composition,
arrangement and use of characters, it is undoubtedly the ocial characters used under the social conditions at that time.
特别令人惊喜的是，在大量的史前古文字中，竟然发现了大量的甲骨文。
其中很多甲骨文，与晚它二千多年的商、周时期的甲骨文完全相同！
What is particularly surprising is that a large number of oracle bone inscriptions
have been found in a large number of prehistoric chara cters. Many of them are exactly
the same as those in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, which were more than 2000 years late!
这证明，中国五千年之前的史前时期，甲骨文就已经存在，并正式使用了。
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
This proves that Oracle Bone Inscriptions existed and were ocially used in the
prehistoric period of China 5000 years ago.
这还不是甲骨文的源头文字！
This is not the source text of Oracle!
这让人很吃惊，有人会问：这是真的吗？
This is surprising. Someone will ask is it really the case?
我的回答是：铁证如山！
My answer is denitely yes!
我以古玉上的古文字为证。
I take the ancient words on the ancient jade as evidence.
有的专家说：红山文化没有文字。
Some experts said Hongshan culture has no words
有的专家说：良渚文化没有文字。
Some experts said Liangzhu culture has no words.
有的专家说：中国史前就没有文字。
Some experts said there were no words in prehistoric China.
我出的这本书，书名叫《中国史前文字与甲骨文》，实际是篇论说文。这
里用大量的实物证据，向国内外专家学者证明：中国史前已经有文字了，而且 是成熟的文字，其中包括甲骨文。
The book I published is called Chinese prehistoric characters and oracle bone
inscriptions, which is actually a discourse. A large amount of physical evidence is
used here to prove to experts and scholars at home and abroad Chinese prehistoric
writing already exists, and it is a mature writing, including oracle bone inscriptions.
19
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 三、序 文
三、序 文
Preface
中华民族的古老文明之一，就是文字。源远流长，一脉相承。商周时期的
甲骨文就证明了这一点。甲骨文中的许多文字至今还在使用，字形没多大变化。
但是，这些古老的文字的源头究竟在哪里？至今仍然是个谜。它们出自何时？何地？这有待我们不断地探索和寻找。
One of the ancient civilizations of the Chinese nation is writing. It has a lon g
history and comes down in one continuous line. The oracle bone inscriptions of the
Shang and Zhou dynasties proved this. Many characters in oracle bone inscriptions
are still in use today, and the font has not changed much. However, where is the
source of these ancient characters? It is still a mystery. When did they come from?
Where? This needs us to constantly explore and nd.
我们现在所掌握的实物证据甲骨文，在清晚期由王懿荣发现，到现在也就
100 多年。文化界承认这是一种古老而又成熟的文字。通过这些记事文字，我 们了解了商周时期的社会生活和历史变故。
The oracle bone inscriptions, the physical evidence we now have, were
discovered by Wang Yirong in the late Qing Dynasty and h ave been for more than 100
years now. The cultural circles recognize that this is an ancient and mature language.
Through these notes, we understand the social life and historical changes in the Shang
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
and Zhou dynasties.
但是，商朝的甲骨文又是由哪来的呢？按说，商朝之前是夏朝。商朝有甲
骨文，夏朝就应当有，夏之前也应当有，这才合乎逻辑。因为文字的产生和发 展有一个漫长的过程。
But where did the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty come from?
It is said that the Shang Dynasty was before the Xia Dynasty. It is logical that there
should be oracle bone inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, Xia Dynasty and before Xia
Dynasty. Because the emergence and development of characters has a long process.
我们应当沿着历史的轨迹，通过考古发掘，从历史遗物中，寻找线索。只
有实物证据，才能说明一切。至于史书记载“文字，是由历史上黄帝的史官仓
颉所造”云云，多属推测，其中想象成分太多，常常以讹传讹。就算史上真有
仓颉，他在使用文字记事的过程中，为了记事的清楚准确，表意完整，对古文
字进行修正，并根据古文字的特点，创造出一些新的文字，这完全有可能。但
如果说，文字是由仓颉创造的，这就要打个问号！从来自全国各地的、不同历史时期的、已有的历史遗物看，文字的产生，绝非一人或少数人所为。
We should follow the track of history and find clues from historical relics
through archaeological excavation. Only physical evidence can tell everything. As
for the historical records that "the words were made by Cang Jie, the historian of the
Yellow Emperor in history", most of them belong to speculation, in which there are
too many imaginative elements, which are often falsely transmitted. Even if there is
Cang Jie in history, it is entirely possible for him to revise the ancient characters and
create some new characters according to the characteristics of the ancient characters in
order to keep the records clear and accurate and complete. But if the text is created by
Cangjie, it needs a question mark! From the historical relics from all over the country,
21
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 三、序 文
dierent historical periods and existing historical relics, the production of characters is by no means done by one or a few people.
一些专家学者，讲中国古代史，讲到商，就嘎然而止，从不提夏。好像夏
朝的历史是空白，更不用说夏之前了。甚至有的学者说，商代的甲骨文是中国
最早的文字。原因何在？就是他们手中没有真材实料，两手空空。空口说白话。
经不起别人的推敲、质疑。那么，夏朝到底有没有甲骨文的存在呢？答案是肯
定的，夏朝肯定也用甲骨文。那怎么见不到夏朝时期的甲骨文呢？我认为：会
不会有一种可能：由于我们对夏朝的甲骨文的认知不够，而把在世的夏朝的甲
骨文错误的、通通归到商代的甲骨文里。这种担心不是不存在。我们的一些文
物管理部门就犯过类似的错误。由于不认识红山文化遗物，而错误地把红山遗
物都划入商代的遗物里，不知道还有红山文化。我认为解决这个问题的唯一方法，
就是对不同类型的甲骨文甲骨做碳 14 测年，分出甲骨的年代，从而确定甲骨文的朝代。这是唯一可行的办法。
Some experts and scholars talk about Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Shang
Dynasty, but they never mention Xia. It seems that the history of the Xia Dynasty is
blank, not to mention before the Xia Dynasty. Some scholars even say that the oracle
bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty are the earliest Chinese characters. Why? That
is, they have no real materials in their hands, empty hands, or empty talk. It can"t stand
the scrutiny and questioning of others. So, is there any oracle bone inscriptions in the
Xia Dynasty? The answer is yes, the Xia Dynasty must also use oracle. Then why
can"t you see the oracle bone inscriptions of the Xia Dynasty? Is there a possibility
that because we don"t know enough about the oracle bone inscriptions of the Xia
Dynasty, we attribute all the errors of the oracle bone inscriptions of the Xia Dynasty
to the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. This fear does not exist. Some
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
of our cultural relics management departments have made similar mistakes. Because I
don"t know the relics of Hongshan culture, I mistakenly classied them into the relics
of the Shang Dynasty. I don"t know there is Hongshan culture. The only way to solve
this problem is to do carbon 14 dating of dierent types of Oracle Bone Inscriptions
and distinguish the age of oracle bones, so as to determine the dynasty of oracle bones.
实物证明，夏朝同样使用甲骨文。在我收藏的 200 多块甲骨文中，就有一
块黑色羊肩胛骨甲骨文，上面除刻有诸多甲骨文外，还刻有一个兽头纹饰。这
种兽头纹饰在良渚文化中大量存在，与良诸纹饰几乎一模一样。这就怪了！（注：
请看图片第六项 :“甲骨及甲骨文”第 319 页）良渚玉器上常见的几种纹饰，
几乎是独特的。从来没见过这种独特的纹饰出现在别的文化遗物上。这就产生
了一种可能：这块带有良诸纹饰旳甲骨，是否是夏朝早期的？因为良渚文化的晚期，进入了夏朝。
Physical evidence shows that oracle bone inscriptions were also used in the
Xia Dynasty. Among the more than 200 pieces of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in my
collection, there is a black sheep scapula oracle bone inscriptions, which is engraved
with not only many oracle bone inscriptions, but also an animal head decoration.
As like as two peas, the animal head ornamentation is quite common in Liangzhu
culture. That"s weird!(Note: Please look at item 6 of the picture, "oracle bones and
inscriptions" Page 319) Several common patterns on Liangzhu jade are almost
unique. I have never seen this unique decoration appear on other cultural relics.
This creates a possibility: Is this oracle bone with good patterns from the early Xia
Dynasty? Because of the late Liangzhu culture, it entered the Xia Dynasty.
为弄清这块甲骨的年代，原准备送北京大学或相关部门做碳 14 检测，结
23
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 三、序 文
果政策有变，碳 14 检测目前不对个人开放。只能等待。
In order to nd out the age of this oracle bone, it was originally planned to send
it to Peking University or relevant departments for carbon 14 testing. As a result, the
policy has changed. Carbon 14 testing is not open to individuals at present. There is no way but to wait.
但是，根据我的判断，这块甲骨绝非寻常，一是甲骨未加刀修，老化严重，
证明它时间久。二是甲骨上的文字及纹饰工艺特征与良渚文化的工艺非常相似，
如出一辙。三是带有这种良渚纹饰的甲骨，目前只见这一件。所以我判断，这件甲骨的所处年代，应当在良渚晚期到夏代早期之间。
However, according to my judgment, this oracle bone is by no means u nusual.
First, the oracle bone is not repaired with a knife and is seriously aged, which proves
that it has taken a long time. Second, the characters and patterns on the oracle bones
are very similar to the craft of Liangzhu culture. The third, the oracle bone with this
Liangzhu pattern, at present, only this one can be seen. Therefore, I judge that the age
of this oracle bone should be between the late Liangzhu and the early Xia Dynasty.
那么，史前到底有没有文字？这一直是个谜。中国的文字学家，也苦于手
里没有实物证据而摇头。更多的人，是出于习惯思维，认为史前部落太落后， 不可能有文字。连肚子都填不饱，嚼草根树叶，怎么有心思去创造文字。
So, is there any prehistoric writing? This has always been a mystery. Ch inese
philologists also shake their heads because they have no physical evidence in their
hands. More people, out of habitual thinking, think that prehistoric tribes are too
backward to have words. If you can"t even ll your stomach and chew grass roots and leaves, how can you have the heart to create words.
乍一听，似乎有道理。特别是在旧石器时代的早期、中期。但到了晚期，
24
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
特别是到了新石器时代早期，就不一定了。大量的实物证明古人的聪明才智远 超出我们的想象。
At first glance, it seems reasonable. Especially in the early and Middle
Paleolithic age. But not necessarily in the late period, especially in the early Neolithic
age. The wisdom of the ancients is far beyond our imagination.
所以，史前时期，我们的祖先已经创造出了古文字，是完全可能的。近代
文物考古中所发现的，大量的实物资料，也证明了这一点。
Therefore, it is entirely possible that our ancestors have created ancient
characters in prehistoric times. This is also proved by a large number of physical
materials found in modern cultural relics archaeology.
值得说明的是，中国很多地区发现的大量的岩画，对文字的产生，有不可
或缺的作用。文字产生之前，最先有的，应该是岩画。古人用石头在岩石上，
抒发自己的情感，描写自己的生活，文字在古人心中萌动、跳跃。文字在黑暗
中左突右撞，寻找生的突破口！在古老的岩画群中，我们已经看到了甲骨文的身影！像婴儿在母腹中躁动……
It is worth noting that a large number of rock paintings found in many parts
of China play an indispensable role in the production of characte rs. Before the
production of characters, the rst ones should be rock paintings. The ancients used
stones on the rocks to express their feelings, describe their lives, and show the
yearning of their people... Words sprouted and jumped in the hearts of the ancients.
Words bump left and right in the dark, looking for a breakthrough in life! In the
ancient rock paintings, we have seen the gure of oracle bone inscriptions! It’s like a baby restless in amniotic uid.
我们知道，早期的甲骨文大都是象形文字，这和岩画中的图像，应当有直
25
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 三、序 文
接的关系。很多图像，后来直接演变成文字。所以，早期的文字，都带有象形 的特点。图即是字，字即是图。应当叫“图文”。
We know that most of the early oracle bone inscriptions were hieroglyphics,
which should have a direct relationship with the images in rock pain tings. Many
images later evolved directly into words. Therefore, the early characters have the
characteristics of pictograph. A picture is a word, and a word is a graph.
26
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
如图一
As shown in Figure 1
文字，像婴儿在奶水中长大 It’s like a baby growing up in milk.
27
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 中国岩画及彩陶图例
图二
Figure 2
28
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图三
Figure 3
29
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 中国岩画及彩陶图例
图四
Figure IV
30
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图五
Figure V
图六
Figure VI
31
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 中国岩画及彩陶图例
图七
Figure VII
需要指出的是，书中所提供的大部分史前字符、或岩画、陶画之类，基本
都是由国家考古队在古遗址发掘和采集的，实物一般人很难看到的。我们只能
用文物报刊，相关杂志上看到照片和相关信息。我由于搞收藏，热衷于古玉和
古文字等研究，所以有幸从民间古玩市场收集到一些历史遗物。特别是古玉上的古文字。这就是史前文字的实物例证。
It should be pointed out that most of the prehistoric characters, rock paintings
and pottery paintings provided in the book are basically excavated and collected by
the National Archaeological Team at the ancient sites, which is dicult for ordinary
people to see. We can only see photos and relevant information in cultural relics
newspapers and magazines. Because I am engaged in collection and am keen on the
research of ancient jade and ancient characters, I am lucky to collect some historical
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
relics from the folk antique market. Especially the ancient characters on the ancient
jade brightened my eyes. This is a physical example of prehistoric writing.
书中展示的史前字符，岩画及陶画图片，部分摘自《历代文物装饰文字图鉴》
及《艺用古文字图案》等。该书的作者，是从装饰和书法艺术的角度审视古文 字及古代图案。我则是寻找古文字的源流，及古文字的时空演变。
The pictures of prehistoric characters, rock paintings and pottery paintings
displayed in the book are partly extracted from the pictorial book of decorative
characters of cultural relics of previous dynasties and ancient characters and patterns
for art. The author of the book examines ancient characters an d patterns from the
perspective of decoration and calligraphy art. I am looking for the origin of ancient characters and the temporal and spatial evolution of ancient characters.
中华民族有 5000 年的文明，可我们的专家学者讲到商以前的夏，就没话了。
更不用说夏以前了。原因何在，就是他们手里没有实物，对夏及夏以前的认知
面太少的缘故。我的目的，就是用我手中的实物，填补上史前的空白。让古玉及古文字站出来说话，真实的历史文物，将证明一切。
The Chinese nation has 5000 years of civilization, but our experts and scholars
didn"t talk about the Xia before Shang Dynasty. Not to mention before Xia Dynasty.
The reason is that they have no real objects in their hands and have too little
knowledge of Xia and before Xia Dynasty. My aim is to ll the gap between last Xia
Dynasty and before. Let the ancient jade and ancient characters stand up and speak. The real and splendid historical relics will prove everything.
33
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 四、中国古文明的时空分布
四、中国古文明的时空分布
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Ancient Chinese Civilization
北京周口店遗址出土的，北京猿人头骨化石，惊动了全世界。同遗址还发
现了远古先人用火的迹痕，及山顶洞人用来装饰用的打了孔的贝壳。这说明远
古先人已经吃熟食，并有了对美的追求。这足以证明，北京周口店地区的古人类，已经开始由动物状态向人的演变，由野蛮向文明转变。
The skull fossils of Peking Man unearthed at Zhoukoudian site in Beijing have
shocked the world. The same site also found traces of re used by ancient ancestors
and perforated shells used for decoration by cave people on the top of the mountain.
This shows that ancient ancestors had eaten cooked food and had the p ursuit of
beauty. This is enough to prove that the ancient humans in Zhoukoudian area of
Beijing have begun to evolve from animal state to human state and from barbarism to civilization.
我国地域辽阔，除河北外，在我国的云南、广西、四川、山西等地，都先
后发现有古人类的化石。根据测定，少则几万年，多则几十万年，甚至几百万年。 由于自然条件的限制，原始人类的繁育生存区域，应当是相对稳定的。
China has a vast territory. In addition to Hebei, ancient human fossils have been
found in Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Shanxi and other places in China. According to
34
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
the measurement, it can be as short as tens of thousands of years, as long as hundreds
of thousands of years, or even millions of years. Due to the limitation of natural
conditions, the breeding and living area of primitive humans should be relatively stable.
趋利避害，是所有生命体的生存法则。
Seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages is the survival law of all living
bodies.
人口稠密，经济发达，文化先进的史前部落，多分布在河湖流域。因为这
些流域树木葱茏，水草丰茂。林中可狩猎，水中可捕鱼，树上可摘果，适宜人
类生存。这就是为什么，考古发掘的古文化遗址，多发生在黄河流域、长江流域、及东北的辽河流域等地的原因。
Prehistoric tribes with dense population, developed economy and advanced
culture are mostly distributed in river and lake basins. Because these watersheds have
verdant trees and lush water and grass. Hunting in the forest, fishing in the water
and fruit picking in the trees are suitable for human survival. This is why most of the
ancient cultural sites excavated by archaeology occurred in the Yellow River Basin,
the Yangtze River Basin and the Liaohe River Basin in the northeast.
大量的考古遗址，及史前遗物证明，著名的红山文化，主要分布在辽河流
域及周边地区，这些古老的文化，共同孕育了中华民族的古老文明。这些地区
出土的大量的古陶器、古玉器、以及上面刻画的古文字，就是最好的实物证据。
A large number of archaeological sites and prehistoric relics prove that
the famous Hongshan culture is mainly distributed in the Liaohe River Basin
and surrounding areas. These ancient cultures together gave birth to the ancient
civilization of the Chinese nation. A large number of ancient pottery, jade and ancient
35
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 四、中国古文明的时空分布
characters unearthed in these areas are the best physical evidence.
我在偶然中收到一批甲骨文，便开始学习甲骨文。同时，我将收藏的方向
转向了古文字。重点放在了红山文化、良渚文化和马家窑文化上。这一时间段
的古文字，基本都浮刻在古玉上。所以，我把古玉上的文字，通常叫“玉文”。把刻画在陶器上的文字，叫“陶文”。
I received a batch of Oracle by chance and began to study oracle. At the same
time, I turned my collection to ancient characters. The focus is on Hongshan culture,
Liangzhu Culture and Majiayao culture. The ancient charact ers in this period are
basically engraved on ancient jade objects. Therefore, I call the words on ancient jade
"jade text". The words engraved on pottery are called "pottery text".
当然，说到古玉文，必然要涉及到古玉及古玉文的真伪鉴定问题。这是我
们与古物打交道的首要前提。不解决古玉及古文字的真伪问题，其它一切，就
无从谈起。所以，古玉鉴定，是一个专业性很强的知识。不少在文物部门工作
的老专家，就因为在文物真伪的问题上没吃透，而犯了打眼的错误。笔者是外行，
花了快七八年的时间，才找到感觉。这其中交学费的事，不可避免。值得一提的是，
民间确实有不少外行，由于喜欢古文化，经过不断的学习，反复的钻研，最终
总结出一套科学的鉴定方法。仿品，无论多么“以假乱真”，它与真品也有本
质的区别。人们常说，鉴定靠眼力。但是，如果你没有鉴定方面的知识与方法，眼珠再大，也没用。
Of course, when it comes to ancient jade inscriptions, it must involve the
identication of ancient jade and the authenticity of ancient jade inscriptions.This is the primary premise for us to deal with antiquities. If we don"t solve the problem of
authenticity of ancient jade and ancient characters, we can"t talk about anything else.
Therefore, ancient jade identication is a highly professional knowledge. Many old
36
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
experts working in the cultural relics department made the mistake of identication
because they didn"t understand the authenticity of cultural relics. The author is a
layman. It took nearly seven or eight years to nd the feeling. It is inevitable to pay
tuition fees. It is worth mentioning that there are indeed many laymen among the
people. Because they like ancient culture, they nally summarize a set of scientic
identication methods after continuous learning and repeated research. Imitation, no
matter how "false as true", also has an essential dierence from true. It is often said
that identication depends on eyesight. However, if you don"t have the knowledge and method of identication, no matter how big your eyes are, it"s useless.
说到文物的鉴定，就不能不谈到文物的时空性，即文物产生的时间与空间。
时间是指年代，空间是指地域。一块石头，被一双粗糙的老手捏拿后，便有了
生命，变成了一件为历史代言的艺术品。他身边的一块被烧烤过的兽骨告诉我们：他从哪里来，他多大年纪了。
When it comes to the identication of cultural relics, we have to talk about the
time and space of cultural relics, that is, the time and space of cultural relics. Time
refers to age and space refers to region. When a stone is held by a pair of rough old
hands, it has life and has become a work of art that speaks for history. A burned animal bone beside him tells us where he comes from? How old is he?
俗话说，一方水土养一方人。不同的气候，不同的地理环境，造就了不同
的人，不同的民族和不同的历史文化。考古发掘出土的古玉器，无论造型、文饰、
工艺、甚至材质都不相同。古玉上刻的文字就更不相同了。通过这些古文物和
古文字，我们不难看出：史前的经济，文化发展到一定的历史时期，古文字应
运而出。这些古文字虽然各自风格不同，刻写的工艺不同，但它们都是社会生产发展的必然产物。人类的进步，经济的发展，催生了文字的产生。
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 四、中国古文明的时空分布
As the saying goes, one side of soil and water nourishes another. Different
climates and geographical environments have created different people, different
nationalities and different historical cultures. The ancient jades unearthed in
archaeological excavations are different in shape, decoration, technol ogy and even
material. The words engraved on ancient jade are even more dierent. Through these
ancient relics and characters, it is not dicult for us to see when prehistoric economy
and culture developed to a certain historical period, ancient characters should be
transported out. Although these ancient characters have dierent styles and dierent
carving techniques, they are the inevitable product of the development o f social
production. Human progress and economic development gave birth to the emergence of words.
38
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
五 史前文字例证
Four Examples of Prehistoric Writing
1、红山文化
Hongshan culture
大量的考古资料证明，红山文化与早期的兴隆洼文化及晚期的夏家店文化，
一脉相承，同属我国北方地区的，发达的历史文化。是中华文明的发源地之一。
在众多的遗址中，不仅出土了大量的陶器、石器、还出土了大量的古玉器。古
玉器数量之多，体量之大，工艺之精美，为国内之最，世界罕见。笔者有幸收
藏了几件红山人自作像。圆雕作品，玉质黑绿色，高约 1.20 米，各重 150 斤左右。
（注：看图 A1）看了这件精美的作品，你就见到了距今约 6600 年前的红山人了， 他们好像正在从你身边走过。珍贵罕见的史前人自作像。
A large number of archaeological data prove that Hongshan Culture, Xinglongwa
Culture in the early stage and Xiajiadian Culture in the late stage come down in one
continuous line and belong to the developed history and culture of northern China.
It is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization. In many sites, not only a large
number of pottery and stone tools, but also a large number of ancient jade articles
have been unearthed. The quantity, volume and exquisite workmanship of ancient
jade are the most in China and rare in the world. The author has the honor to collect
several self portraits of Hongshan people. The original sculpture is made of black and green jade, about 1.20 meters high and weighs about 150 kg each.
39
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 五 史前文字例证
(Note: Look at picture 1) After looking at this beautiful work, you will see
Hongshan people about 6600 years ago. They seem to be passing by you.
更令人惊奇的是，各种造型的古玉上，很多刻画着古文字。而且，不同区
域不同文化的古文字，风格都不相同，古人仿佛通过这些古文字在告诉我们什么， 可是很多字，我们现在还看不懂，也不认识。但总有一种似曾相识的感觉。
What is more surprising is that many of the ancient jade in various sh apes are
painted with ancient characters. What"s more, the ancient characters in different
regions and cultures have different styles. It seems that the ancients are telling us
something through these ancient characters, but we still can"t read and understand
many of them. However, there is always a sense of familiar.
下面，是我收藏的部分红山遗物，及红山古文字。
The following is my collection of Hongshan relics and ancient Hongshan
characters.
图 A1，红山人自作像。大型圆雕，高 1.20 米左右，单体重 150 斤左右。
釉玉质，黑绿色。人物高眉骨，大嘴巴，像猿人。在史前文化中，这样大型的
玉石雕像，国内罕见。他们或下身围着树叶，或裸体，真实生动地站在我们面前。我们有幸见到史前的红山人，原来长的这个样子。
Figure A1. Self portrait of Hongshan people. Large round carving, about 1.20
meters high and weighing about 150 kg. Glaze jade, black green. High eyebrow bone,
big mouth, like an ape man. In prehistoric culture, such a large jade statue is rare in
China. They are either surrounded by leaves or naked, standing in front of us truly and
vividly. We were lucky to see Hongshan people. They used to look like this
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A1 红山人自作像
Figure A1 self portrait of Hongshan
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文化例证
图 A2 红山人自作像
Figure A2 self portrait of Hongshan man
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A2-1 红山人自作像
Figure A2-1 self portrait of Hongshan man
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文化例证
图 A2-2 红山人自作像（局部）
Figure A2-2 self portrait of Hongshan man (partial)
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A3 红山人自作像
Figure A3 self portrait of Hongshan man
45
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文化例证
图 A3-1 红山人自作像
Figure a3-1 self portrait of Hongshan man
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A4 红山人自作像（红色）
Figure A4 self portrait of Hongshan man (red)
47
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文化例证
图 A5 红山人自作像（红色）
Figure A5 self portrait of Hongshan man (red)
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A6 红山人自作像（儿童）
21.Figure A6 self portrait of Hongshan man (children)
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文化例证
长发披在脑后
Long hair draped behind his head.
女人丰满高耸的乳房
A woman"s plump, towering breasts
男人手提大棒扛在肩上
The man carried a big stick on his shoulder
夸张写实的生殖器 ......
Exaggerated and realistic genitals......
用植物的叶子围成的长裙，说明红山人已经知道“丑”知道“羞”了。这
是人类文明的一大进步，知道丑了，也就知道美了。人的思想及内心世界，都 在向文明转变。
The long skirt surrounded by plant leaves shows that Hongshan people already
know "Ugliness" and "shame". This is a great progress of human civilization. If you
know ugliness, you will know beauty. People"s thoughts and inner world are changing to civilization.
这像是一对夫妻 ......
It"s like a couple...
男人手拿大棒扛在肩上，还有的男人肩上扛着带杈的木棍。大棒或木棍，
应当是红山人打猎及作战的武器。甲骨文中的“
”字和“ ”字，八成就是
源自现实生话中的男人手举的大棒，和带杈的木棍，这符合甲骨文象形文字的
特点。甲骨文的初期，就是对现实生活的真实写照。再有，甲古文中的“
”字，
与红山文化中的玉石雕像“玉跪人”，几乎一样，这样的例子还有很多。这说
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
明甲骨文源于现实生活，现实生活中物都是三维立体的，为便于书写，甲骨文 用线条表现事物的正面或侧面。
Men carry sticks on their shoulders, and some men carry sticks with branches
on their shoulders. Big stick or wooden stick should be the weapon of Hongshan
people for hunting and ghting. Oracle “
” word and “ ” word, eighty percent of
the characters are derived from the stick held by a man in the real ancient saying and
the wooden stick with branches, which is in line with the characteristics of Oracle
hieroglyphics. The initial stage of Oracle is a true portrayal of real life. What’s more,
Oracle “
” The word is almost the same as the jade statue "jade kneeling man"
in Hongshan culture. There are many such examples. This shows that Oracle Bone
Inscriptions come from real life. In real life, things are three-dimensional. In order to
facilitate writing, oracle bone inscriptions use lines to express the existence of three-dimensional.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
稀世珍宝，国之重器。
Rare treasures, the most important weapon of the country.
图 A-7 红山神人像 正面
Figure A-7 front of the statue of God and man in Hongshan
岫玉，青绿色，高 25cm，宽 11.5cm。
Xiuyu, turquoise, 25cm high and 11.5cm wide.
图 A7 正面 Figure a7-01 30.front
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A7-01 反面
Figure a7-01 reverse side
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A7-02 局部 Figure a7-02 partial
这是一件造型表现超前的艺术品，如果你缺乏对红山玉文化的了解，例如
造型风格、工艺、文饰等，你简直就很难相信，这是红山时期古人遗留下来的 作品。
This is a work of art with advanced modeling performance. If you lack the
understanding of Hongshan jade culture, such as modeling style, technol ogy,
stationery, etc., you can hardly believe that this is a work left over by the ancients in Hongshan period.
神人蹲坐在野牛身上，脚踩牛角，神态安祥威仪。极具艺术性。
The divine man squatted on the bison, stepped on the horn, and looked serene
and dignied. It’s very artistic.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
头顶一物，应是双首龙。
One thing on the top of the head should be a double headed dragon.
头上长发，分向两侧又回卷成洞。
Long hair on the head, divided to both sides and rolled back into holes.
两眼细长上扬，长直鼻，小嘴大唇。
His eyes are slender and raised, with a long straight nose, a small mouth and
large lips.
额头处刻有一个“ ”字形符号。中国第一龙的龙头上也刻有这样的
符号。这个符号显然非同一般，这或是显示神灵？
There is an engraved on the forehead “ ” Glyph symbol. The dragon head
of China"s rst dragon is also engraved with such a symbol. This symbol is obviously unusual, or does it show the gods?
神人双肩高耸。双手合于胸前，像拄一根神杖，杖下端顶压在野牛的额头上，
野牛不堪重负，大嘴触地。
God man"s shoulders are high. Put your hands on your chest like a divine sta.
The lower end of the staff is pressed on the forehead of the bison. The bison is overwhelmed and touches the ground with a big mouth.
神人坐在牛背上，双腿弯曲。两脚踩在牛的两只大角上。野牛身躯庞大，
脾气暴躁，被神人驯服，踩在脚下，可见神人的勇敢威猛。
The man of God sat on the back of the cow with his legs bent. Put your feet on
the big horns of the cow. Bison has a huge body and a hot temper. It is tamed by the
god man and trampled under his feet. It can be seen that the god man is brave and powerful.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
这可否是，为一个大部落的首领做的雕像？大的氏族部落首领。
Can this be a statue made for the leader of a large tribe? The head of a large clan
tribe.
据兴隆洼遗址考古发现，该遗址清理出古代房址 170 余座。大部房址前后
排列有序，并呈现出西北及东南向分布。试想，如果一处房址住三个人，那么
这个部落最少也有 500 多人，甚至更多，男女老少，吃喝拉撒，再加上安全，都是大问题，这就必然要有人领导，有人管理。
According to the archaeological discovery of Xinglongwa site, more than 170
ancient house sites have been cleared up. Most of the house sites are orderly arranged
in front and back, and show northwest and Southeast distribution. Imagine that if there
are three people living in a house, there are at least 500 people in this tribe, or even
more. Men, women, children, eating, drinking and Lasa, plus safety, are big problems, which must be led and managed by someone.
建 170 余座房子，在当时更是个不小的工程。如果没有人领导指挥，没有
一定的组织结构，完成这样的工程，是不可能的。如派哪些人专砍树收集建材； 哪些人负责挖土建房；哪些人负责生火做饭；哪些人负责保卫等等。
Building more than 170 houses was not a small project at that time. It is
impossible to complete such a project without leadership and command and
a certain organizational structure. Such as who is sent to cut trees and collect
building materials. Who is responsible for digging soil and building houses? Who is
responsible for making a re and cooking? Who is responsible for security and so on
部落中的组织结构，应当是由血缘关系形成并维持的。自然法则和生存法
则迫使所有的人向同一方向发展，即社会组织。
The organizational structure in the tribe should be formed and maintained by
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
blood relationship. The laws of nature and survival force all people to develop in the
same direction, that is, social organization.
大的部落首领，大酋长就这样产生了。这就是领袖，神人雕像，很可能就
是大的氏族部落的领袖。神像的制作者，处于敬仰，用夸张的制作手法，将领 袖神化了。总之，这是一件非常罕见的艺术品。
A big tribal leader, a big chief, came into being. This is the leader, the statue of
God man. Who is likely to be the leader of a large clan tribe. The maker of the statue, in admiration, deied the leader with exaggerated production techniques.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A8
Figure A8
龙首璇玑，黄玉质，直径 5-6cm。
Dragon head Xuanji, topaz, diameter 5-6cm.
为文字清楚，故放大成图。
In order to make the text clear, so it is enlarged into a picture.
临摹玉器上文字“ ”字形。
Copy the words on jade “ ” Glyph.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
文字用减地起阳法刻成，减地起阳法是红山玉器在制作过程中，通用的一
种工艺手法。
The characters are carved by the method of reducing the ground and raising the
Yang. The method of reducing the ground and raising the Yang is a common technique
in the production of Hongshan jade.
这件红山玉器上的“ ”字，很像甲骨文中，又一次中的“又”字。
On this Red Mountain Jade “ ” The word is very similar to the word
"again" in today"s Chinese characters.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A9
Figure A9
小型玉猪龙，黑黄色，直径 4.5cm。
Small yuzhulong, black yellow, 4.5cm in diameter.
玉龙身上刻有一个“ ”字形的文字。为文字清晰，放大。
The jade dragon is engraved with a “ ” Glyph text.In order to make the text
clear, please enlarge it.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A10
Figure A10
玉璇玑，黄绿色，直径 5.7cm
Yu Xuanji, yellow green, 5.7cm
玉璇玑上刻有一个“ ”字。
Yu Xuanji has one engraved on it “ ” Word
为清晰，放大。
In order to make the text clear, please enlarge it.
这样的文字，类似于甲骨文中的单体字。
Such characters are similar to single characters in oracle bone inscriptions.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A11
Figure A11
小型玉兽，高约 6.5cm
Small jade beast, about 6.5cm high
兽身上阳文刻有一个“ ”字
The animal has a Yangwen engraved on it “ ” Word
为清晰，图放大。
For clarity, zoom in
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A12
Figure A12
小型玉兽，无足，很像一种海洋生物。
Small jade beast, without feet, much like a marine creature.
玉质黄绿，高 6.5cm。
Jade yellow green, 6.5cm high
兽胸部阳文刻有一个“ ”字。图放大。
The animal chest is engraved with a “ ” Word.Zoom in.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A13
Figure A13
像小水鸭，无足，像在游水。
Like a duckling, without feet, like swimming
玉质，一面黄绿，一面朱砂红。
Jade, yellow green on one side and vermilion red on the other.
前身刻有一个阳文“ ”字。
The predecessor is engraved with a Yangwen “ ” Word
水鸭身下刻有三道水平阴文，即“三”。
Three horizontal Yin inscriptions are engraved under the water duck, namely
"three".
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A14
Figure A14
不知名的小兽，玉质，黑灰色。
Unknown little beast, jade, black gray.
造型奇特，高 6.5cm.
Unique shape, 6.5cm high
身上刻有一个阳文“ ”字。
There is a Yangwen engraved on his body “ ” Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A15
Figure A15
小怪兽。前身像兽，后身像带翅膀的昆虫。
Little monster.The former is like a beast and the latter is like a winged insect.
黄绿色，高 5.5cm，图放大。
Yellow green, 5.5cm high, enlarged.
身上刻一阳文“ ”字。
Engrave a Yangwen on your body “ ” Word.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A16
Figure A16
小玉件。上是兽头，下身是个圆柱体。
Jade piece.The upper body is a beast"s head and the lower body is a cylinder.
杂色，高 5.7cm。图放大。
Variegated, 5.7cm high. Zoom in.
身上刻一阳文“ ”字。
Engrave a Yangwen on your body “ ” Word
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A17
Figure 17
这是一只玉质小鹰，暗红色，高 5cm。
This is a jade eagle, dark red, 5cm high.
胸前刻一阳文“ ”字。图放大。
A Yangwen is engraved on the chest “ ” Word. Zoom in.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 A18
Figure A18
这是一只大角龙，玉质，黄绿色。
This is a bighorn dragon, jade, yellow green.
嘴至角端宽 6cm，两大眼呈水滴型。
The width from the mouth to the corner is 6cm, and the two big eyes are water droplets.
身上刻一阳文“ ”字。
Engrave a Yangwen on your body “ ” Word.
角上及眼部有枣红色沁斑，古旧感强。
There are jujube red spots on the corners and eyes, with a strong sense of antiquity.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A19
Figure A19
玉质，小雏凤。
Jade, young Phoenix.
黄绿色，高 5.6cm，图放大。
Yellow green, 5.6CM high, enlarged.
身上刻阳文“ ”字。
Engraved with Yangwen “ ” Word.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 A20
Figure A20
小玉件，虫兽合一。豆绿色，高 8cm。
Small jade pieces, insects and animals in one. Bean green, 8cm high.
身上刻一阳文“ ”字。
Engrave a Yangwen on your body “ ” Word.
身有多处红褐色及黑色沁斑，老旧感强。
There are many reddish brown and black spots on the body, with a strong sense
of aging.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A21-1 正面
Figure a21-1 front
大玉鳖，正反面。
Big Jade Turtle, front and back.
窗口处看，玉质兰绿色，全身黑色皮壳。
Seen from the window, it is Magnolia green and covered with black leather.
正面，鳖身刻有阳文“ ”字。
On the obverse, the turtle body is engraved with Yangwen “ ” Word.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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反面，鳖腹甲刻有阳文“ ”字。
On the reverse side, the turtle belly shell is engraved with Yangwen “ ”
Word.
图 A21-2 反面
Figure a21-2 reverse side
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A22-1 正面 （高约 25cm, 宽约 12.1cm）
Figure a22-1 front(about 25cm high and 12.1cm wide)
凤型器，玉质，红褐色正面。
Phoenix shaped, jade, reddish brown, front.
正面，刻阳文“ ”字。
Obverse, engraved in Yang “ ” Word.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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反面，刻阳文“ ”字。
Reverse, engraved in Yang “ ”
图 A22-2 反面
Figure A22-2 reverse side
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A23-1 正面
Figure A23-1 front
正面刻一阳文“ ”字型。
A Yangwen is engraved on the front “ ” Font.
美女凤首刀，玉质，暗红色。
Beautiful phoenix head Dao, jade, dark red.
高 13cm，宽 17.1cm。
It is 13cm high and 17.1cm wide.
造型精美，刀身是个美女头，长发后飘。
The shape is exquisite. The blade is a beautiful head. It oats after long hair.
刀把是个凤的首，长脖与头相连。造型生动精美，这既是一件实用器，又
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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是一件难得的艺术精品。最难得的是，正反两面都各刻有一个让人吃惊的字符。
The handle is the head of a Phoenix, and the long neck is connected with the
head. The shape is vivid and exquisite, which is not only a practical tool, but also a
rare ne art. The most rare thing is that there is a surprising character engrav ed on
both sides.
反面刻一阳文“ ”字型。
The reverse is engraved with a Yangwen “ ” Font.
图 A23-2 反面
Figure A23-2 reverse side
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
所以让人吃惊，这种符号医学上通常代表男人的精液，这种符号和造型秀
美的女人的头连在一起，这是巧合吗？这是偶然吗？这太让人不可思议了！
So it"s surprising that this symbol usually represents men"s semen. Is it a
coincidence that this symbol is connected with the head of a beautiful woman? Is this
an accident? This is incredible!
在红山人的遗物中，我见过不少玉质的男人和女人的生殖器，这是古人的
生殖崇拜。我们用这种符号表示精液，难道红山人也和我们的表示一样吗？
Among the relics of Hongshan people, I have seen many jade genitals of men
and women, which is the reproductive worship of the ancients. We use this symbol to represent the sperm in semen. Is Hongshan people the same as ours?
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 A24-1 正面
Figure A24-1 front
正面阳文刻有“ ”字。
The obverse is engraved with “ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
大型玉璇玑，黑玉质，腐蚀至残。
Large jade Xuanji, black jade, corroded to residual.
这件玉璇玑分正反两面，每面各有三个文字。其中有三个字已残烛不清。
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
This jade Xuanji is divided into positive and negative sides, with three words on
each side. Three of the words are unclear.
反面刻有阳文“ ”字。
The reverse is engraved with Yangwen “
” Word.
图 A24-2 反面
Figure A24-2reverse side
（注：未临字已残、不识。）
(Note: No temporary words are disabled and unrecognized. ）
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 A25-1 正面
Figure A25-1 front
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
刀身正面刻阳文“ ”字型。
The front of the blade is engraved with Yangwen “ ” Font.
坐刀女，玉质，紫黄色。高 35.5cm，宽 8.2cm，厚 3cm。
Knife sitting woman, jade, purple yellow. It is 35.5cm high, 8.2cm wide and 3cm
thick.
刀把是一个裸女，长发，乳房高耸。
The handle is a naked woman with long hair and towering breasts.
刀分正反两面。
The knife is divided into positive and negative sides.
刀身反面刻阳文“ ”字型。
The reverse side of the blade is engraved with Yangwen “ ” Font.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A10 反面
Figure 10 reverse side
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
即是实用器，又是一件艺术品，红山人将自己的审美，爱及文字书法，溶
于艺术造型之中，彰显出红山人的文明与进步。
It is not only a practical tool, but also a work of art. Hongshan people dissolve
their aesthetics, love, writing and calligraphy into artistic modeling, highlighting Hongshan people"s civilization and progress.
这两个字很美，笔道圆滑飘逸，比例结构合理，这充分证明，红山时期古
文字的存在是不可辩驳的事实。
These two characters are beautiful, with smooth and elegant strokes and
reasonable proportional structure, which fully proves that the existence of ancient characters in Hongshan period is an irrefutable fact.
如果按照象形文字的释法，这两个字可否释为“文鸟”？有待大家探讨。
According to the interpretation of hieroglyphics, can these two words be
interpreted as "wenniao"? To be discussed.
土沁枣红色，器表腐蚀轻重。
The soil is jujube red, and the surface corrosion is light.
把刀把刻成一裸女，常常握在手中，可见红山女人在人们心目中的地位也
反映出红山人的审美情趣。
He carved Fei daliqi into a naked woman and often held it in his hand, which
shows the importance of Hongshan women in people"s mind.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 A26
Figure A26
大型勾云型玉器，高 22.5cm，宽 16.2cm。有四个字，其中有一个是组合字。
Large cloud hook jade, 22.5cm high and 16.2cm wide. There are four words, one
of which is a combined word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A27-1 正面
Figure A27-1 front
大玉碧，黑绿色，直径 30cm。
Big jade, black green, with a diameter of 30cm.
正反两面，正面是图案，反面有文字。
On both sides, there are patterns on the front and words on the back.
正面：一男一女，裸体。男人跪坐在地上，仰脸望着眼前的女人，手握着
自己直挺的生殖器，一脸的无奈的表情，女人呈扭身跑开状，边跑边扭头向后 面的男人挥拳怒吼，乳房呈颤动状。
positive A man and a woman, naked. The man knelt on the ground, looked up at
the woman in front of him, held his straight genitals in his hand, and looked helpless.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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The woman turned her body and ran away, turned her head while running, waved sts and roared at the man behind, and her breasts trembled.
这是一副生动传神的生活画面。
This is a vivid picture of life.
女人似乎在呐喊：你给我滚开！
Women seem to be shouting: Get out of here!
反面两个阳文、
Two Yang characters on the reverse.
图 A27-2 反面
Figure A27-2 reverse side
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
一个“ ”字。
One “ ” Word.
一个“ ”字。
One “ “word.
看不出这两个字，与前面的一男一女及他们所发生的事有关系。这是一件
绝无仅有的艺术品。人物传神。
I can"t see these two words. It has something to do with the man and woman
in front and what happened to them.This is a unique work of art. The characters are vivid.
面对史前的艺术家，我们自愧不如。
Faced with prehistoric artists, we feel inferior.
这样的大玉碧，卖家手中有几十块。每块上都有 2-4 个字不等。
Such a big jade jade, the seller has dozens of pieces in his hand. There are 2-4
words on each piece.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A28-1 正面
Figure A28-1 front
大玉碧，黑绿色，直径 30cm。
Big jade, black green, with a diameter of 30cm.
正反两面，正面是图，反面有字。
On both sides, there are pictures on the front and words on the back.
正面；一只回头张望的狗，及一个跪蹲在地上，扬手呼唤狗的男人。这应
当是狗的主人。男人长发披在身后，赤裸。
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
Positive ：A dog looking back and a man kneeling on the ground and raising
his hand to call the dog. This should be the owner of the dog. The man had long hair behind him and was naked.
反面；两个阳文。
The other side ：Two Yangwen.
图 A28-2 反面
Figure A28-2reverse side
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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一个“ ”字。
One “ ” Word.
一个“ ”字。
One “ ” Word.
仔细观此二字，可否释为“呼犬”？
If you look at the word carefully, can it be interpreted as "barking dog"?
“ ”字，张口朝天呼叫的的侧面形，身体抽象成一根曲动的线条。在
红山玉器中，将人或动物的身体抽象成一根细条状很常见。
“ ”Word, the side shape of opening your mouth to the sky, and the body is
abstracted into a curved line. In Hongshan jade ware, it is common to abstract the human or animal body into a thin strip.
“ ”字，像一只扭头跑的犬。
“ ” Word, like a dog running around.
这两个字很有象形文字的特点。
These two characters have the characteristics of hieroglyphics.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A29-1 正面
Figure A29-1 front
大玉璧，黑绿色，直径 30cm。
Large jade Bi, black green, with a diameter of 30cm.
正反两面，正面图，反面有三个字。
There are three words on the front and back, the front and the back.
正面：一个男人跪蹲在地上，向前扬起右臂。
Positive: A man knelt on the ground and raised his right arm forward.
他前面有一只向前双腿立起的大耳犬。
In front of him was a big eared dog with two legs standing forward.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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说它是犬，不是兔，是因为它尾巴细长上翘。从主人的神态看，这应当是
主人养的一条犬。主人似乎在喊：去，把那只兔子给我叼来！
It is said that it is a dog, not a rabbit, because its tail is slender and upturned.
From the look of the owner, this should be a dog owned by the owner. The master seems to be shouting: Go and fetch me that rabbit!
图 A29-2 反面
Figure A29-2 reverse side
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
反面，有三个字：
On the reverse, there are three words:
一个阳文“ ”字。
A Yangwen “ ” Word.
一个阳文“ ”字。
A Yangwen “ ” Word.
一个阳文“ ”字。
A Yangwen “ ” Word.
从图上看，养狗的大多是男人。
From the picture, most of the dogs raisers are men.
我从市场上，及别人手中，我见过几十块这样的大玉璧，黑色。一面是图，
一面是字。这四块都是我个人收藏的，可作例证使用。
I have seen dozens of such large jade in the market and in the hands of others,
black. One side is a picture and the other is a word. These four pieces are all in my personal collection and can be used as examples.
从实物看，这些字有点像毛笔字，笔道启首细尖，道尾粗圆，笔划柔和不硬。
From the physical point of view, these words are a bit like brush words. The pen
path starts with a thin tip, the tail is thick and round, and the strokes are soft but not hard.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 A30-1 正面
Figure A30-1front
大玉璧，黑绿色，直径 30cm。
Large jade Bi, black green, with a diameter of 30cm.
正面：一男一女，裸体，女人向后仰坐。乳房高挺，手放在下腹处。男人
站立走到她跟前，生殖器前挺，女人臀部肌肉发达粗壮，男人腿部较细。
Positive: A man and a woman, naked, the woman sits back. Keep your bre asts
high and put your hands on your lower abdomen. The man stood up and walked up
to her, the genitals were straight in front, the women"s hips were muscular and strong,
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
and the men"s legs were thin.
这个男人头上打结，呈半球状。
The man"s head was knotted and hemispherical.
反面有三个阳文：
There are three Yang characters on the reverse:
图 A30-2 反面
Figure A30-2 reverse side
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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一个是“ ”字。
One is “ ” Word.
一个是“ ”字。
One is“ ” Word.
一个是“ ”字。
One is “ ” Word.
古玉遍布水纹状凹线条纹，发亮的金属颗粒，古旧感极强，大开门真品
Ancient jade is covered with water lines, concave lines and stripes, and shiny
metal particles. It has a strong sense of antiquity. It is a genuine product with a large
open door.
这种黑玉质地坚硬，能吸磁铁。
This kind of black jade is hard and can attract magnets.
“ ”字在不同的器物上出现过好几次。
“ ” Words have appeared on dierent objects several times.
“ ”字有时朝右向上，有时朝左向下。
“ ” The words sometimes face right up and sometimes left down.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A31-1 正面
Figure A31-1 front
大玉璧，黑色，直径 30cm。
Large jade Bi, black, 30cm in diameter.
正面：
Positive:
反面刻有三个阳文：
The reverse has three Yang Inscriptions:
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 A31-2 反面
Figure A31-2 reverse side
一个是“ ”字。
One is “ ” Word.
一个是“ ”字。
One is “ ” Word.
一个是“ ”字。
One is “ ” Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A32
Figure A32
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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一只黑玉大昆虫。
A big black jade insect.
双翅上刻有六个字，阳文：
There are six words engraved on the wings, Yang:
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A33
Figure A33
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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大玉板，黑玉，长 40cm，宽 19.5cm，厚约 1cm。
Large jade board, black jade, 40cm long, 19.5cm wide and 1cm thick.
上下两行，每行五个字。
Two lines, ve words each
这样的大玉板我发现很多，样式大小相同，字数也相同。
I found a lot of such large jade boards, with the same style, size and number of
words.
全是阳文，字大小相同，应是已经成熟的文字，充满神秘的色彩。
They are all Yangwen with the same size. They should be mature and full of
mystery.
这么多的大玉板，这么多的字，好像是在记述什么事情。
So many big jade boards and so many words seem to describe something.
这些字很美，今天见不到了。
These words are beautiful. I can"t see them today.
世界上很多古老的文字，随着国家或部落的消亡而消亡。同时，被一种更
强盛的，更成熟的文字所代替。
Many ancient characters in the world die out with the demise of the country. At
the same time, it was replaced by a stronger and more mature text.
从考古出土的遗物证明，与红山文化并存，或先后出现的其他文化区域，
如黄河中下游裴李岗文化，仰韶文化，长江中下游的良渚文化，及中国西北地 区的马家窑、齐家文化，都已经有了自己民族的文字。
Archaeological relics have proved that other cultural areas that coexist with
Hongshan culture or have appeared successively, such as Peiligang culture in the
middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, Yangshao culture, Liangzhu Culture in
the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and Majiayao and Qijia culture in Northwest China have their own ethnic characters.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A34
Figure A34
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
大玉板，黑玉质，长 40cm，宽 19.5cm，厚约 1cm。
Large jade board, black jade, 40cm long, 19.5cm wide and about 1cm thick.
上下两行，每行五个字。
Two lines, ve words each.
字体工整，笔道清晰流畅，风格相同，这些字可能都是出于一个人的手笔。
The font is neat, the stroke is clear and smooth, and the style is the same. These
words may be written by one person.
全是阳文，近似半浮雕。这在制作上难度极大，除文字外，其余空白全部
向下雕平，将字凸显出来，极费工费力。
It"s all in Yangwen, similar to semi relief. This is very difficult in production.
Except for the words, all the other blanks are carved down to highlight the words, which is very laborious.
这与前面介绍的文字不同，前面介绍的文字都是用“减地起扬”法，只是
在字道两边打出沟或斜坡，以此凸显字的笔道。但这种字的上平面，与空白地
的面一样高，都是平的。可见，用浮雕法制作的文字，比用减地起扬法作出的文字，难度相差极大。
This is different from the previous text. The previous text uses the method of
"reducing the ground and lifting", which only makes a ditch or slope on both sides of
the word path to highlight the pen path of the word. But the upper plane of this kind
of words is as high as the surface of the blank ground, and they are all at. It can be
seen that the characters made by the relief method are much more dicult than those made by the ground lifting method.
红山艺人的制玉手法，远超出我们的想象。
The jade making technique of Hongshan artists is far beyond our imagination.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
红山人应当有社会分工了。
Hongshan people should have a social division of labor.
红山人已经有了较庞大的社会组织。
Hongshan people already have a relatively large social organization.
这些大玉板归什么人所有？阶级出现了？还是大的部族首领？
36.Who owns these jade plates? Class emerged? Or a big tribal leader?
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 A35
Figure A35
大玉板，黑玉质，长 40cm，宽 19.5cm，厚 1cm。
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
Large jade board, black jade, 40cm long, 19.5cm wide and 1cm thick.
与其他大玉板大小相同，字数一样，字不相同。
It is the same size as other large jade boards, with the same number of words and
dierent words.
花费巨大的功力，从山上开采玉矿。制作出大玉板，仅 1 公分厚，再在玉
板上做出文字，这说明：红山人已经在使用这种成熟的文字。付出大量的劳动，
使用这么珍贵的材料记录文字，可见这些文字的重要。文字所记录的事情，绝非一般，只是我们现在还看不懂。
It takes great skill to mine jade from the mountain. Make a large jade board, only
1 cm thick, and then make words on the jade board, which shows Hongshan people
are already using this mature language. Using such precious materials to record
words, we can see the importance of these words. The things recorded in words are by
no means ordinary, but we can"t understand them now.
大玉板背面，没有被腐蚀的地方，非常光滑平整，应当被打磨过。
The back of the large jade board, where there is no corrosion, is very smooth and
at and should be polished.
这些奇怪的文字，很有章法，很有讲究，散发着智慧，聪明与神秘。
These strange words are very methodical and exquisite, emitting wisdom,
intelligence and mystery.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 A36-1
Figure A36-1
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
图 A36-2
Figure A36-2
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
这是一件红山大玉龟，长约 20cm 左右，玉受沁，呈枣红色。无论是造型，
还是制作工艺，都说明这是一件红山玉器，龟背上布满文字。
This is a big red mountain Jade Turtle, about 20cm long. The jade is Qin and
jujube red. Both modeling and manufacturing technology show that this is a Hongshan jade, and the turtle back is full of words.
中间两行各 5 个字。
左右两边各 4 个字。
字形奇特，但构成有规律。这又是一种字。细看每一个字，都像是一个人
在舞动。做着各种姿态，如其中有一个字“
”型，很像一个人。“ ”
代表头眼，右手上扬，左手下摆，两腿叉开。“
”代表身体，“ ”代
表叉开的双腿。
这是中间两排靠右的第三个字。 其他字大同小异，只是姿态不同。这应当是一种典型的象形文字。每个字都是一种人体造型。
The shape is peculiar, but the composition is regular. This is another word. Look
at every word, it"s like a person dancing. Making various gestures, such as one word
“
” Type, much like a person “ ” Represents head and eyes, right hand
up, left hand hem, two legs apart “
” Represents the body “ ” Represents
straddled legs.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
这是中间两排靠右的第三个字。
This is the third word on the right in the middle two rows.
其他字大同小异，只是姿态不同。
Other words are similar, but the posture is dierent.
这应当是一种典型的象形文字。每个字都是一种人体造型。
This should be a typical hieroglyphic. Every word is a human shape.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 A37
Figure A37
红山，勒瓦娄哇制作技术。这是旧石器时代的一种石器制作技术。过去一
直认为此项打制技术只有西方所独有，亚洲没出现过。其实中国早就有这一项 技术。红山时期的古人，更将这种打制技术做到登峰造极。简直不可思议。
Hongshan, lewalowa production technology. This is a stone tool making
technology from the stone age. In the past, it was thought that only the West was
unique, and Asia did not appear. In fact, China already has this technology. The
ancients in the Hongshan period even reached the peak of this beating technology. It"s incredible.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 红山文字例证
红山文化小结
Summary of Hongshan Culture
我们都知道，文字是记录语言的符号和表达思想的工具。
As we all know, words are the symbols of language and the tool to express ideas.
我们的祖先，不仅创造了文字，而且还把文字刻在玉石上，刻在甲骨上，
使文字永不消失。这实在是古人伟大的创举，距今 6000 年至 7000 年，甚至更 早时期的古文字，也能呈现在我们的眼前。
Our ancestors not only created characters, but also engraved them on jade
and oracle bones, so that the characters will never disappear. This is really a great
initiative of the ancients. Ancient characters 6000 years ago, 7000 years ago, or even
earlier, are presented in front of us.
如何释读这些古文字，对于释读中国的古代史，具有重要的意义。
How to interpret these ancient characters is of great signicance for interpreting
China"s ancient history.
事实证明，在夏、商、周之前，中国北方的辽河流域及周边地区，已经有
了发达的红山文化，并有了由红山人自己创造的古文字。这些古文字，有待于
我们的文字学家，史学家及古文字爱好者，去努力钻研破解，去解读中华民族的古老文明。
Facts have proved that before Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the Liaohe River
Basin and its surrounding areas in northern China had developed Hongshan Culture
and ancient characters created by Hongshan people themselves. These ancient
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characters need our philologists, historians and ancient character lovers to study and interpret the ancient civilization of the Chinese nation.
2020 年 8 月 22 日
August 22, 2020
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
2. 马家窑—齐家文化
Majiayao Qijia Culture
（注：前六图均属仰韶文化）
(Note: The rst six pictures belong to Yangshao Culture)
图 B1—1
Figure b1-1
人面鱼纹玉盘，玉质，紫色，直径 20cm，凸面圆形，太阳文饰。
Human face fish pattern jade plate, jade, purple, 20cm in diameter, convex,
round, sun decoration.
半坡出土，属西北地区的仰韶文化。
Unearthed in Banpo, it belongs to Yangshao culture in Northwest China.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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反面，图 B1—2
Reverse, gure B1-2
刻一人面鱼纹。这是一件极具内涵的史前艺术品，生动形象。
Carve a human face fish pattern.This is a prehistoric work of art with g reat
connotation and vivid image.
一是反映史前当地人的渔猎生活，打鱼为生。二是反映当时当地的古人对
生活的生产的一种祈盼，希望有更多的鱼可食。
First, it reects the prehistoric local people"s shing and hunting life, shing for
a living. The second is to reect the local ancients" wish for life and production at that time, hoping to have more sh to eat.
仰韶文化是中国黄河中下游地区的一种即古老，又兴旺发达的一种北方文化。
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
Yangshao culture is an ancient and prosperous northern culture in the middle and
lower reaches of the Yellow River in China.
仰韶文化对大西北地区的经济文化发展有很大的影响。故选两件仰韶文化
的经典作品介绍。
Yangshao culture has a great inuence on the economic and cultural development
of Northwest China.Therefore, two classic works of Yangshao culture are selected for introduction.
图 B3
Figure B3
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 B4
Figure B4
图 B5
Figure B5
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
图 B6
Figure B6
这是我前几年，从西北贩子手中拍摄到的彩陶照片。精美的彩陶图画，让
我爱不释手，可巧的是，我收藏的人面鱼纹玉盘，与陶罐上彩绘的人面鱼纹图案， 几乎一样，说明玉盘与这些陶罐是老乡。属同一种文化。
40.This is a picture of painted pottery that I took from dealers in the northwest
a few years ago. The exquisite painted pottery pictures make me fondle them.
Coincidentally, the human face sh pattern jade plate in my collection is almost the
same as the human face sh pattern painted on the pottery pot, which shows that the jade plate and these pottery pots are villagers which belong to the same culture.
这些难得一见的古代实用器，也是艺术品。这些生动美丽的画面，像在向
我们诉说什么故事，表现他们的生活情趣，这实际上是一种没有文字的表达方式。
These rare ancient practical utensils are also works of art. These vivid and
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beautiful pictures, like telling us stories and expressing their interest in life, are
actually a way of expression without words.
这种表达方式，崔生了文字的产生，显示出古人对文字的需求及渴望。
In this way of expression, Cui Sheng produced words, showing the ancients"
demand and desire for words.
即使没有纸，古人便用笔蘸着墨汁作画。画在陶罐上经久不失。
Even without paper, the ancients painted with a pen dipped in ink.The painting is
durable on pottery pots.
这些彩陶，很可能也来自现半坡遗址地区，很多陶罐上刻有字符，有 20 多种，
有些与甲骨文很相似。
These painted pottery may also come from the current Banpo site. Many pottery
pots are engraved with more than 20 kinds of characters, some of which are very similar to oracle bone inscriptions.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
图 B7-1 马家窑齐家文化 大玉管
Figure B7-1 Majiayao - big jade tube of Qijia Culture
高：21cm
Height:21cm
厚：8.5cm
Thickness:8.5cm
孔径：4cm
Aperture: 4 cm
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 B7-2
Figure B7-2
123
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
图 B7-3
Figure B7-3
124
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 B7-4
Figure B7-4
125
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
图 B7-5
Figure B7-5
126
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 B7-6
Figure B7-6
注：管上刻有五个大字
Note:The tube is engraved with ve big characters
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
镶嵌图文大玉管，玉质，黑绿色。
Inlaid graphic large jade tube, jade, black green.
高 21cm，粗 8.5cm。中空，孔直径 4cm。
It is 21cm high and 8.5cm thick. Hollow, hole diameter 4cm.
图中有一人在劳作，双手持棍。
In the picture, a man is working with a stick in his hands.
头上方，一只雁在飞；一只鹿再跑。
Above the head, a wild goose is ying. A deer is running.
脚下方，趴着一只肥猪。
Under his feet, there is a fat pig lying on his stomach.
人的后背，一个小姑娘在跳舞。
On the back of a man, a little girl is dancing.
小女孩圆脸，大眼。头梳刘海，头上两只冲天锥。扭动着双臂，活泼可爱。
The little girl has a round face and big eyes. Comb bangs and two sky cones on
your head. Twisting his arms, lively and lovely.
最可贵的是，大玉管所有的人物、动物、植物都用小绿石做了镶嵌。用 10
倍放大镜看，刻划的线条中有胶的痕迹。绿石大多已脱落。
The most valuable thing is that all the characters, animals and plants of the big
jade tube are inlaid with small greenstone. When viewed with a 10x magnifying glass, there are traces of glue in the scribed lines. Most of the green stones fall o.
这是一件伟大的艺术品。这也许是迄今发现最早的玉石镶嵌作品。
This is a great work of art. This is perhaps the earliest jade inlay found so far.
在小姑娘旁边斜刻有五个大字。
There are ve big characters obliquely engraved next to the little girl.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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字用双线条勾划。少数也用阴刻法。
The words are underlined with double lines.A few also use Yin engraving.
用临摹法写下这五个独特的字。
Write these ve unique words by copying.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
马家窑—齐家文字，字形独特，即不同于红山文字，也不同于良渚文字。
Majiayao Qijia characters have unique shapes, which are different from
Hongshan characters and Liangzhu characters.
字的线条硬、直。用放大镜看，线条内平、直，无水平旋纹。良渚文字都
有水平旋纹。
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
The lines of characters are hard and straight. When viewed with a magnifying
glass, the lines are at and straight without horizontal spiral lines. Liangzhu characters have horizontal spiral lines.
玉质很硬，老旧感极强，包浆亮丽光滑。
The jade is very hard, with a strong sense of aging, and the coating is bright and
smooth.
人和动物的眼睛都一样，是用同一种工具制作，应当是管钻。
Human and animal eyes are the same. They are made with the same tool. They
should be pipe drills.
这么细小的管钻，直径 4mm，管内径 2mm，管璧厚 1mm，钻打这么硬
的玉管，难道是金属管钻？不可想象！
Such a small pipe drill has a diameter of 4mm, an inner diameter of 2mm
and a wall thickness of 1mm. Is it a metal pipe drill to drill such a hard jade pipe? Unimaginable!
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 B8-1 正面
Figure B8-1 front
图纹大玉板，长方形，玉质，黑绿色。
Large jade board with pattern, rectangular, jade, black green.
高 16.5cm，宽 24.5cm，厚 1.3cm。
It is 16.5cm high, 24.5cm wide and 1.3cm thick.
双人劳动场面，一男一女。
Double labor scene, a man and a woman.
两人手持工具似在掘地，两人之间有两株长相奇特的植物，各有三片叶子。
Two people seem to be digging with tools. There are two strange looking plants
with three leaves between them.
两只大狗从山丘旁跑过。
Two big dogs ran by the hill.
反面，上下两排，共十个字。
On the reverse, there are ten characters in the upper and lower rows.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
图 B8-2 反面
Figure B8-2 reverse side
这些文字的书写方式独特，但从字的结构及排列顺序看，这在当时已经是
在实际使用的成熟的文字。
The writing method of these characters is unique, but judging from the structure
and arrangement of characters, it was a mature character in practical use at that time.
大玉板包浆光滑亮丽，表面多有腐蚀坑洞。
The big jade board is smooth and bright. There are many corrosion pits in this
one.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 B9-1 正面
Figure B9-1 ront
舞人大玉斧，玉质，黄绿色。
Dancer Jade axe, jade, yellow green.
高 17cm，宽 24.5cm，厚 1.3cm。
It is 17cm high, 24.5cm wide and 1.3cm thick.
玉斧表面有一层较厚的皮壳及大柳裂。
The surface of the Jade axe has a thick shell and big willow cracks.
玉斧上部有五个透孔。
There are ve through holes in the upper part of the Jade axe.
玉斧正面，刻有三个牵手的舞人。
On the front of the Jade axe, there are three dancers holding hands.
舞人头部都插有羽狑。
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
Dancers have feathers in their heads.
玉斧反面两行字。
Two lines on the reverse side of the Jade axe.
图 B9-2 反面
Figure B9-2 reverse side
玉斧局部，萎缩老化变形，古旧感极强。马家窑文化的器物造型奇特，文
字写法也奇特，用双线勾法。这与红山文化文字的减地起阳法也不同，一个地
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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域一种风格。文字具有时空性，时间空间不同，文字的造型、风格属性也各不 相同。
The Jade axe is partially atrophic, aging and deformed, with a strong sense
of antiquity. The utensils of Majiayao culture have peculiar shapes and writing
methods. The double line hook method is used. This is also dierent from the method
of reducing land and starting Yang in Hongshan culture. One region has one style.
Characters have time and space. Dierent time and space lead to dierent shapes and style attributes of characters.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
图 B10-1 正面
Figure B10-1 front
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
凤鸟大玉矛，玉质。黄绿色。高 35cm，宽 16.5cm，厚 2cm。
Phoenix big jade spear, jade. Yellow green. It is 35cm high, 16.5cm wide and
2cm thick.
正面，造型是一只太玉矛。
On the front, the shape is a jade spear.
矛身中部刻一只大凤鸟。
A large Phoenix is carved in the middle of the spear.
矛头上刻一奇特的玉人，头上插两根羽毛，头下，只用一根弯曲扭动的线
条代表全身，简洁抽象，使人产生想象力。
A strange jade man is carved on the spearhead. Two feathers are inserted on the
head. Under the head, only a curved and twisted line represents the whole body. It is concise and abstract, which makes people have imagination.
反面，用双勾法刻有 3 个字。
On the reverse side, three words are engraved by double hook method.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
图 B10-2 反面
Figure B10-2 reverse side
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
玉面包浆呈暗枣红色。
Jade bread paste is dark jujube red.
古代的西北马家窑人，虽然生活艰苦，生产低下，但他们的艺术想象力，
及艺术的表现手法，一点都不低于我们现代人。
Although the ancient people of Majiayao in Northwest China had a hard life and
low production, their artistic imagination and artistic expression were no less than those of modern people.
这是一只神矛即有人又有凤，还有 3 个神秘的文字。
This is a divine spear, that is, there are people and Phoenix, and three mysterious
words.
图 B11-1
Figure B11-1
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 马家窑—齐家文化例证
图 B11-2
Figure B11-2
图 B11-4
Figure B11-4
图 B11-3
Figure B11-3
图 B11-5
Figure B11-5
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
蛇鸟凤纹大玉印，玉质，黑绿色。
Snake bird phoenix pattern large jade seal, jade, black green.
印顶部：刻一蛇，一小鸟，和一只大眼凤。
Print top:Carve a snake, a bird and a big eyed Phoenix.
印身四面：各刻有一对形神各异的小鸟，细一看，这实际上是由小鸟一起
构成的 4 个文字，即所谓“鸟文”。小鸟生动活泼。玉印底部刻有四个古文。
Four sides of the body:Each is engraved with a pair of birds with dierent shapes
and spirits. When you look closely, it is actually four characters composed of birds,
that is, the so-called "bird text".Birds are lively.Four ancient inscriptions are engraved on the bottom of the jade seal.
马家窑文化与齐家文化一脉相承。这是西北地区的一种独特的文化。它与
中国其他地区的文化，如红山文化，仰韶文化，良渚文化等文化。共同构成了 中国的远古文化。
Majiayao culture and Qijia culture come down in one continuous line. This is a
unique culture in Northwest China. It is dierent from other cultures in China, such
as Hongshan culture, Yangshao culture, Liangzhu Culture and so on. They constitute
China"s ancient culture together.
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图 B12—1
Figure B12-1
古玉镯。西北地区玉质玉色。
Ancient jade bracelet. Northwest China jade quality jade color.
拍摄于北京潘家园市场。
Shot in Beijing Panjiayuan market.
玉镯上刻有古文字。
The jade bracelet is engraved with ancient characters.
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3. 良渚文化
Liangzhu Culture
长江下游的太湖流域及余杭地区，是良渚文化的的发祥地，距今约 5500
年上下。2020 年 5 月 30 日电视新闻报道，浙江杭州地区发现距今 8000 年前 的古人类遗址，这应当是良渚文化的源头节段。
Taihu Lake Basin and Yuhang area in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are
the birthplace of Liangzhu culture, about 5500 years ago. On May 30, 2020, TV News
reported that an ancient human site 8000 years ago was found in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, which should be the source section of Liangzhu culture.
考古证明，良渚文化是长江下游地区的一种发达兴旺的古文化，农耕经济
发达，中国最早的丝织品也出现在良渚文化地区，到商代，纺织业已相当发达。
Archaeology has proved that Liangzhu culture is a prosperous ancient culture
in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The agricultural economy is developed.
China"s earliest silk fabrics also appeared in Liangzhu culture area. By the Shang
Dynasty, the textile industry was quite developed.
发达的经济，必然会推动文明的发展，如太湖流域发现的良渚古城，以及
用“草裹泥”砌成的拦水坝等等。这是多大的工程！这背后一定有一个庞大严
密的社会组织在发挥领导、指挥的作用。对几千人甚至上万人进行分工，下达指令。
A developed economy is bound to promote the development of civilization,
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
such as the ancient city of Liangzhu found in the Taihu Lake Basin, and the dam built
with "grass wrapped in mud", and so on. What a big project! Behind this, there must
be a huge and strict social organization playing the role of leadership and command.
Divide the work among thousands or even tens of thousands of people and give instructions.
社会经济的发展，大规模的社会活动，必然会促进社会的文明。这其中也
包括文字的产生。文字，是社会经济与社会文明发展到一定阶段的必然产物。
文字的产生，是人类社会发展的客观需求。全国不少地区先后发现的风格不同的古文字，就是证明。
The development of social economy and large-scale social activities will
inevitably promote social civilization. This also includes the generation of words.
Writing is the inevitable product of the development of social economy and social
civilization to a certain stage. The emergence of characters is the objective demand
of the development of human society. This is proved by the discovery of ancient
characters with dierent styles in many parts of the country.
经济先进发达的良渚地区，更是如此。我收藏的良渚古玉上，很多都刻有
古文字。让人吃惊的是，很多良渚古文字，在字形和字意上，都与甲骨文完全
相同。我们知道，良渚文化比商文化早约 2000 年。我们发现的商期的甲骨文，
距今约 3500 年，如果良渚文化时期出现甲骨文，那么甲骨文的存在史，就会
向前推进到约 5500 年。这会是真的吗？还是让事实说话！让实物证明！
This is especially true in the economically advanced Liangzhu region. Many
of the Liangzhu ancient jade in my collection are engraved wit h ancient characters.
Surprisingly, many Liangzhu ancient characters are exactly the same as oracle bone
inscriptions in font and meaning. We know that Liangzhu culture is about 2000 years
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
earlier than Shang culture. The oracle bone inscriptions found in Shang Dynasty are about 3500 years ago. If there were oracle bone inscriptions in Liangzhu culture, the
existence history of oracle bone inscriptions would advance to about 5500 years. Can this be true? Let the facts speak! Let the physical proof!
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
良渚文化古文字例证
图 C1-1 正面
Figure C1-1 front
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
良渚神人，碧玉，深绿色。
Liangzhu god man, Jasper, dark green.
高 46cm，宽 23.5cm，分正反面。
46cm high, 23.5cm wide, divided into front and back.
正面：图 C1—1
Positive: Figure C1-1
一神人坐在大水牛背上，圆脸大耳，两眼圆睁，蒜头鼻，体态丰满。
A god man sat on the back of a big bualo, with a round face, big ears, wide
eyes, a garlic nose and a plump body.
头上带冠帽，帽正是一个大神微，这是良渚神器特有的符号。此神微符号
带在头上，说明坐在水牛背上的人物非同寻常。
With a crown and a hat on his head, the hat is a great God, which is a unique
symbol of Liangzhu artifact. This God micro symbol is carried on the head, indicating that the gure sitting on the bualo"s back is unusual.
神人裸体，男性，带有手镯脚镯。
God man, naked, male, with bracelets and anklets.
水牛，身躯庞大，两只弯曲的大角，两只牛腿前伸，显力大无穷。
Buffalo, with a huge body, two curved horns and two outriggers extending
forward, has innite power.
整件作品呈半浮雕状。
The whole work is in semi relief.
这件人物作品非常罕见，在良渚文化中，除神微外，几乎没有关于人的作品。
This character work is very rare. In Liangzhu culture, there are almost no works
about people except Shenwei.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
正反两面的玉器表面，匀有腐蚀的白斑与坑洞。及层状纹裂，包浆油亮。
There are corrosion white spots and pits on the jade surfaces on both sides. And
lamellar striation, and the coating is oily.
良渚文化的真品、精品。
Liangzhu culture is a genuine and exquisite product.
图 C1-2 正面
Figure C1-2 front
良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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神人头部，神微放大。
God human head, God slightly enlarged.
良渚神微，是由一个神人与一个兽构成的。
Liangzhu Shenwei is composed of a god man and a beast.
神人头带羽冠，两臂拢于脑前，像双手揪着兽的皮毛，坐在兽身上。兽有
两只大眼、大耳。嘴趴在地上，两前爪合于口前。
The man of God has a feather crown on his head and his arms are close to his
head. He sits on the beast like holding the fur with both hands. The beast has two big
eyes and ears. Lie your mouth on the ground and close your front paws in front of your mouth.
这是良渚文化的标志。
This is the symbol of Liangzhu culture.
这个神微中的兽头，在良渚的其它器物中，经常出现。成为良渚文化独特
的纹饰之一。
The animal head in the God"s Micro often appears in other artifacts in Liangzhu.
It has become one of the unique decorative patterns of Liangzhu culture.
后又简化成一双大眼及一口形。
Then it was simplied into a big eye and a mouth.
神微似乎在告诉我们：头上插满羽毛的部落首领，在勇敢的与猛兽搏斗，
像在降服一只猛虎，显示出良渚先民的英雄气概。
Shenwei seems to be telling us the tribal leaders with feathers on their heads
fought bravely with beasts, like subduing a tiger, showing the heroic spirit of Liangzhu ancestors. 良渚文化古文字例证
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C1-3 反面
Figure C1-3 reverse side
良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
反面，三个阳文：
Reverse, three Yang characters:
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“
” Word.
“
”字。
“
” Word.
这三个字中，后面的字较为奇特。起笔处都有一个“0”。这样风格的字，
在红山文化中的器物上也发现过。如在红山文化的一件玉器“猪首人勺”上， 就有四个这样的字：
Of the three characters, the latter is more peculiar. There is a "0" at the beginning
of the pen. Characters of this style have also been found on artifacts in Hongshan
culture. For example, there are four words on a jade "pig head man sp oon" of
Hongshan Culture:
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
良渚文化古文字例证
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
“
” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
风格有些近似，起笔先画一个“0”。难道红山人和良渚人有过文化交流？
The style is somewhat similar. Start the pen and draw a "0". Did Hongshan
people and Liangzhu people have cultural exchanges?
这有待文字学家进一步研究。
This needs further study by philologists. 良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES 良诸文化实物拍照
图 C2
Figure C2
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
四兽纹方形器，宽 12.5cm，高 8.5cm，厚 2.5cm。
Four animal pattern square ware, 12.5cm wide, 8.5cm high and 2.5cm thick.
玉质，粉黄色，表面有一层白色的氧化包浆，这种白色的包浆，在很多良
渚玉器上都有，这应当与南方地区的水土酸碱度有关。
The jade is pink yellow, with a layer of white oxidized coating on the surface.
This white coating is found on many Liangzhu jade articles, which should be related to the pH of water and soil in the south.
四角有四个兽面纹，这种兽面纹在良渚玉器中出现的最多。
There are four animal face patterns on the four corners, which are most common
in Liangzhu jade.
器中有一个小孔，四角刻有四个阴文。
There is a small hole in the device, and four Yin characters are engraved on the
four corners. 良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C2-1
Figure C2-1
左则刻文：
Left inscription:
“ ”字。 （注：由器中小孔向四角看）
“ ” Word. (Note: viewed from the small and medium holes to the four
corners)
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C2-2
Figure C2-2
右则刻文：
Inscription on the right:
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
这几个字在甲骨文都有，特别是“ ”字和“ ”字最常见。“ ”
今释“巫”字，“
”字今释五字。
These words are found in oracle bone inscriptions, especially
“
” Word sum “ ” Words are the most common. “ ”
Today, the word "witch" is interpreted “
” The word today explains
ve words.
甲骨文在良渚文化的器物上密集地出现了。
Oracle bone inscriptions appeared intensively on the artifacts of Liangzhu
culture.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C3
Figure C3
四兽纹方形器，玉质，粉黄色。
Four animal pattern square ware, jade, pink yellow.
宽 12.5cm，高 8.5cm，厚 2.5cm。
It is 12.5cm wide, 8.5cm high and 2.5cm thick.
图 C3-1，正面四个字
Figure C3-1, four words on the front
良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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图 C3-2 右则两个刻字
Figure c3-2 two inscriptions on the right
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C3-3 左侧两个刻字
Figure c3-3 two inscriptions on the left
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word. 良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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良渚文化的玉器上竟然出现了这么多的甲骨文，与商代安阳出土的甲骨文
字形完全相同，笔法也一样。
There are so many oracle bone inscriptions on the jade of Liangzhu culture,
which are exactly the same as the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Anyang of
Shang Dynasty.
“ ”字，专家释作“云”字，应是云字的源头字。
“ ” The word "cloud" interpreted by experts should be the source of the
word "cloud"
“ ”字，甲骨文释“上甲”，很像今天的汉字“田”字。
“ ” The word "Shangjia" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is very similar to the
word "Tian" in today"s men.
“ ”字，今释“吴”。
“ ” The word "Wu" is now interpreted.
“ ”字，甲骨文释“木”字。
“ ” The word "wood" is interpreted in oracle bone inscriptions.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C4
Figure C4
四兽纹方形器，玉质。
Four animal pattern square ware, made of jade.
宽 12.5cm，高 8.5cm，厚 2.5cm
It is 12.5cm wide, 8.5cm high and 2.5cm thick.
图 C4-1 正面有四个字。
Figure C4-1 with four words on the front.
良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C4-2 左则两个刻字。
Figure C4-2, two lettering on the left.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C4-3 右则两个刻字。
Figure C4-3 two lettering on the right.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字，像一只座趴犬，应释“犬”字。
良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
” The word "dog", like a lying dog, should be interpreted.
“ ”字和“ ”，多次出现，可仍释五和云字。
“ ” Word sum “ ”, which appears many times, can still interpret the
word ve and cloud.
“ ”字不释。或择“貞”字。
“ ” No words. Or choose the word "Zhen".
此字与凌家滩遗址出土的古玉上的字符相同。
This character is the same as that on the ancient jade unearthed from Lingjiatan site.
图 C5—1
Figure C5-1
四兽纹方型器，玉质红黄色。
Four animal pattern four type, lipstick yellow.
宽 12.5cm，高 8.5cm，厚 2.5cm。
It is 12.5cm wide, 8.5cm high and 2.5cm thick.
玉质细腻光滑，包浆、柳裂明显。
The jade is ne and smooth, with obvious pulp wrapping and willow crack.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C5-1 正面刻有四个字。
Figure C5-1 four words engraved on the front.
良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C5-2 左则刻有两个字。
In gure C5-2 two words are engraved on the left.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C5-3 右则刻两个字。
In gure C5-3 two words are engraved on the right.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
试释：“ ”字，应释数字仨拾。甲骨文中“ ”表示拾。“ ”
表示两个拾。“一”表示一个拾。“
”表示连或加。故此字可释为仨拾。
良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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甲古文中“ ”字表示仨拾。“ ”字，表示贰拾。
“ ”Words should be interpreted as number thirty. Oracle “ ” Indicates ten.
“
” represents twenty. "One" means a ten. “ ” Indicates and or plus. Therefore,
this word can be interpreted as thirty. Oracle “
” Words mean thirty. “ ” The
word means twenty.
“ ”字，也应释仨拾。“I I”表示贰拾。“ ”表示拾。“ ”
表示加在一起就是仨拾。后简化为“
”。
“ ” Words should also be interpreted. "II" means twenty. “ ” Indicates a
pickup. “
” it means that the sum is thirty. Simplied as “ ” 。
“ ”字，甲骨文释戉，石斧，一种兵器。
“ ” Word, oracle bone inscriptions, Shiyu, stone axe, a weapon.
“ ”字，今释井，水井的井。
“ ” Word, today"s interpretation well, well of well.
后两个字都属象形文字。
The last two words are hieroglyphics.
这表明，良渚时期，良渚先民已使用象形文字了！而且很多文字与 3500
年前的甲骨文完全相同！可良渚文字要比河南安阳出土的甲骨文早 2000 年！
This shows that the ancestors of Liangzhu had used hieroglyphics in the
Liangzhu period! And many words are exactly the same as the oracle bone
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
inscriptions 3500 years ago! But Liangzhu characters are 2000 years earlier than the
oracle bones unearthed in Anyang, Henan Province! But is it really the case?
我审视着眼前的这些古玉。
I looked at the ancient jade in front of me.
我这些年在不同的时间，不同的地点，从不同的人的手里收购的古玉，难
道不真！这不可能啊！我看着手中的古玉，心中充满自信。
I have bought ancient jade from different people at different time and places
these years. Isn"t it true! It"s impossible! I looked at the ancient jade in my hand and felt condent.
良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C6-1
Figure C6-1
玉蝉，黄白色，高 4cm，宽 3.2cm，厚 1.7cm。
Jade cicada, yellow white, 4cm high, 3.2cm wide and 1.7cm thick.
蝉头两只大眼，眼眶上刻有良渚文饰。背分两翅。翅上各有两个刻文。
The cicada head has two big eyes, and Liangzhu ornaments are engraved on the
eyes. The back is divided into two wings. There are two inscriptions on each wing.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C6-1 左则刻文：
Figure c6-1 inscription on the left:
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word. 良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C6-2右则刻文：
Figure c6-2 inscription on the right:
“ ”字。
“ ”Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
“ ”字。
“ ”Word.
四字均不释，字形娇美。
The four characters are not interpreted, and the shape is beautiful.
良渚文字均属刻划阴文。
Liangzhu characters are all Yin characters.
毛道启笔处较粗，呈圆头。
The starting is thick and round headed.
毛道线条粗细不均，深浅不同。
The wool track lines are uneven in thickness and dierent in depth.
用 10 倍放大镜看，笔道内多有不规则的螺旋纹的平行线条，笔道是由平
行的线条组成的。
Using a 10x magnifying glass, there are many parallel lines with irregular spiral
lines in the pen track, which is composed of parallel lines.
这种工艺特点，是良渚文化所持有的，这是鉴定良渚文化的重要方法之一。
This craft characteristic is held by Liangzhu culture, which is one of the
important methods to identify Liangzhu culture. 良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C7-1
Figure C7-1
玉带钩。黄白色，表面光滑亮丽。
Jade belt hook.Yellowish white, smooth and bright surface.
长 6.5cm，宽 3.7cm，高 3.4cm。
It is 6.5cm long, 3.7cm wide and 3.4cm high.
造型精美，以浮雕的形式刻有神微。
It is exquisitely shaped and engraved with divine miniature in the form of relief.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C7-2
Figure C7-2
带钩左则有两个阴文：
There are two Yin characters on the left with hook:
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ”Word.良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C7—3
Figure C7-3
带钩右则有三个阴文：
There are three yin characters on the right side of the hook:
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
“ ”释“ ”字。
“ ” means “ ” Word.
“ ”释“巾”字。
“ ” means “ 巾 ” Word.
“ ”释“洋”字。
“ ” means the word "
洋".
“ ”释“犬”字。
“ ” means the word "
犬".
“ ”释“燃”字。
“ ” means the word "
燃".
良渚玉带钩，表明良渚人用腰带了，或系长衣；或系裤子 ......
Liangzhu jade belt hook indicates that Liangzhu people use belts or wear long
clothes or tie their pants
衣料用的是桑麻，还是蚕丝？
Is the material mulberry hemp or silk? 良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C8
Figure C8-1
179
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
蝉纹圆柱型器，玉质，紫红色。
Cylindrical ware with cicada pattern, jade, purple red.
高 19.5cm，直径约 5cm。
The height is 19.5cm and the diameter is about 5cm.
两头圆尖，各由双蝉构成，中部显方，对穿有四个小孔，蝉身饰有涡纹。
The two ends are round and pointed, each composed of two cicadas, the middle
is square, there are four small holes in the opposite, and the cicada body is decorated with vortex patterns.
小孔边棱处各有一字，共四字。
There are four characters at the edge of the small hole.
良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C8-1
Figure C8-1
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 A8-2
Figure A8-2
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.良渚文化古文字例证
182
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 A8-3
Figure A8-3
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 A8-4
Figure A8-4
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
这四个字在甲骨文中常见。
These four words are common in oracle bone inscriptions.
“ ”释“天”字。或释“走：字
“ ” Interpret the word "heaven". Or interpret the word "go"
“ ”释“日”字。
“ ” means the word " 日".
“ ”释“州”字。
“ ” means the word "
州".
“ ”释“矛”字。
“ ” means the word "
矛".
这个蝉纹形器，不像是生产工具，很可能是良渚人祭祀用的神器。
This cicada shaped artifact, unlike a production tool, is likely to be an artifact
used by Liangzhu people for sacrice.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C9-1 正面
Figure C9-1 front
双鱼神微玉璧，玉质呈绿色。
Pisces God is a little jade, and the jade is green.
外有一层褐色的包浆，老旧感极强。
There is a layer of brown wrapping outside, which has a strong sense of aging.
玉璧直径 19.5cm，厚 1cm，孔径 3.2cm。玉璧正面，孔上有两条面对面。
好像相互打招呼的胖头鱼，孔下刻有一个大神微。良渚古玉只要刻有神微，此
良渚文化古文字例证
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
块古玉就非同寻常。
The jade wall has a diameter of 19.5cm, a thickness of 1cm and a pore diameter
of 3.2cm. On the front of the jade wall, there are two faces on the hole. It"s like a fat
head sh greeting each other. There"s a big God under the hole. As long as the ancient
jade of Liangzhu is engraved with God, this ancient jade is extraordinary.
鱼，神微的神人头部及兽眼鼻，都是用减地起阳法刻出，猛看像浮雕。
The sh, the head of God Man and the eyes and noses of animals are carved by
the method of reducing the earth and rising the sun. It looks like a relief.
最奇的是神人的脸部：方形脸、眼、鼻、口，都是用极细的线条刻出。这
是使用的另一种工具，必须极尖极硬才成。这能是什么样的刻刀，这么细，又 这么硬？
The most amazing thing is the face of God Man: The square face, eyes, nose and
mouth are carved with very thin lines. This is another tool used. It must be extremely
sharp and hard. What kind of carving knife can it be, so thin and so hard?
兽头的大眼球及瞳孔，也是这种极细的线条，像是用圆规画出来的。
The big eyeballs and pupils of the animal"s head are also very thin lines, like
drawn with compasses.
难道那时的良渚人就有了合金钢？
Did Liangzhu people have alloy steel at that time?
我们无法想象良渚人的聪明才智，也许有一天考古工作者能解决这个问题，
答案就在地下某个地方。
We can"t imagine the intelligence of Liangzhu people. Maybe one day
archaeologists can solve this problem. The answer is somewhere underground.
背面有四个字，类似行书。
There are four words on the back, similar to running script.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C9-2 反面
Figure C9-2 reverse side
良渚文化古文字例证
188
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C9-3
Figure C9-3
C9-3-1 C9-3-2
C9-3-3 C9-3-4
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
玉璧小孔四周，刻有四个字。
Four characters are engraved around the small hole in the jade wall.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
这几个字写的过于洒脱，笔道变形，不易辨释。
These words are too free and easy to write, and the stroke is deformed, which is
dicult to distinguish and interpret.
这几个字，线条较粗，可以断定，这些字不是用刀刻的，倒非常像是一种
飞快旋转的钻头钻刻的。良渚人是在使用钻刻机？钻头转动时，手把握不稳，
或抖动，以至字的笔道变形、变浅、变弯。如：“
”字，中间的十字刻
的较直较深，而左右的“
”和“ ”则变浅，而且粗细不均，笔道明显
变形，好像是手没把握住刻机所致。
The lines of these words are thick. It can be concluded that these words are
not carved with a knife, but very much like a fast rotating drill bit. Are Liangzhu
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
people using drilling machines? When the drill bit rotates, the hand is unstable or
shakes, resulting in the deformation, shallowness and bending of the writing track.
For example: “
” The cross in the middle is straight and deep, while the left and
right “
” And “ ” It becomes shallow and uneven in thickness, and the pen
track is obviously deformed, as if it is caused by the hand not grasping the engraving machine.
笔道粗处，里面均是水平的旋纹！
There are horizontal spiral lines in the thick part of the pen path!
我发现，有些牛的肩胛骨上刻的甲骨文，也是用这类的钻机刻的！这些字
的特点是笔道深，横不平，竖不直，有弯曲。
I found that the oracle bone inscriptions carved on the shoulder blades of some
cattle were also carved with this kind of drill! These characters are characterized by deep strokes, uneven horizontal, vertical and curved.
笔道粗细较一致，笔道弯处较圆滑。
The thickness of the pen track is consistent, and the curve of the pen track is
smooth.
起笔时呈圆头，收笔时也是圆头。有的字，收笔处呈小坑状，这说明钻头
在此有过停顿所致。
The pen starts with a round head and ends with a round head. In some words, the
pen receiving place is in the shape of a small pit, which indicates that the drill bit has stopped here.
这种工艺是良渚人所持有的。使用什么工具，我们也不知道。
This craft is owned by Liangzhu people. We don"t know what tools to use.
这种刻机的钻头，也应当是金属钻头，很硬，工作时钻头转动很快。这从
它在甲骨表面打滑时留下的痕迹就可以作出判断。
五 史前文字例证
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
The drill bit of this engraving machine should also be a metal drill bit, which is
very hard and rotates very fast during operation. This can be judged from the marks left when it slips on the surface of the oracle bone.
我只是在猜想。因为良渚人不可能再回来告诉我们，他们当时所做的一切！
I"m just guessing. Because Liangzhu people can"t come back and tell us what
they did at that time!
还好，我们找到了良渚人留下的遗物。以及遗物上良渚人所书写的文字，
这些宝贵的文字，或许能告诉我们，良渚人的历史与文明。
Fortunately, we found the relics left by Liangzhu people. And the words written
by Liangzhu people on the relics. These valuable words may tell us the history and civilization of Liangzhu people.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C10-1 正面
Figure C10-1
双兽面纹平安扣，玉质，紫色。（注：此物叫“平安扣”，是笔者给起的
名字，形似。或叫“甜甜圈”，此物在博览会展出时，一个小女孩信口管此物
叫 " 甜甜圈”。）
Double animal face pattern safety buckle, jade, purple. (Note: This thing is called
"Ping An buckle", which is the name given by the author. It is similar in shape. ）
直径 10.5cm，中间孔径 2.5cm。
五 史前文字例证
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
The diameter is 10.5cm and the middle aperture is 2.5cm.
正面，图 A10—1，孔上下刻有两个字。
On the front, as shown in gure A10-1, two words are engraved on the top and
bottom of the hole.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
反面，图 C10-2
Reverse side, gure C10-2
t
“ ”字。
“
” Word.
“
”字。
“
” Word.
五 史前文字例证
195
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
这四个字在甲骨文中常见。
These four words are common in oracle bone inscriptions.
“ ”字，今释“日”。
“ ” The word "日" is interpreted today.
“ ”字，今释“介”。
“ ” The word "
介" is interpreted today.
“ ”字，今释“立”。
“ ” The word "
立" is interpreted today.
“ ”字，今释“卜”。卜兆。
“ ” The word "
卜" is interpreted today. It means sign.
器表面有破碎的，银白色的氧化膜。中间孔径，是管钻双面对钻而成，对
接有错位。这是典型的良渚文化遗物。上面的文字，是标准的甲骨文。书法很美。
There is a broken, silver white oxide film on the surface of the device. The
middle hole diameter is formed by double-sided butting of pipe drill, and there is
dislocation in butt joint. This is a typical relic of Liangzhu culture. The above text is a standard oracle.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C11-1
Figure C11-1
双兽面纹平安扣，玉质，紫色。
Double animal face pattern safety buckle, jade, purple.
直径 10.5cm，中间孔径 2.5cm。
The diameter is 10.5cm and the middle aperture is 2.5cm. 五 史前文字例证
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
正面，图 A11—1，孔上下刻有两个字。
On the front, as shown in gure A11-1, two words are engraved on the top and
bottom of the hole.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
反面，图 C11-2
Reverse side, gure C11-2
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“
” Word.
五 史前文字例证
199
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
这四个字也是典型的甲骨文。
These four characters are also typical oracle bone inscriptions.
“ ”字，今释“州”。
“ ” means "state" nowadays.
“ ”字，今释“雨”。
“ ” means "state" nowadays.
“ ”字，今释“作”。
“ ” means "state" nowadays.
“ ”字，今释“入”。
“ ” means "state" nowadays.
200
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C12-1 正面
Figure C12-1 front
双兽面纹平安扣，玉质，紫色。
Double animal face pattern safety buckle, jade, purple.
直径 10.5cm，孔径 2.5cm。
The diameter is 10.5cm and the pore diameter is 2.5cm.
正面，图 C12—1，孔上下刻有两个字。
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
On the front, as shown in gure c12-1, two words are engraved on the top and
bottom of the hole.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
反面，图 C12-2 ，孔上下刻有两个字。
On the reverse side, gure C12-2, two words are engraved on the top and bottom
of the hole.
“ ”字。
“ ” Wo rd.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
这些字与商代的甲骨文相同无异。可从材质上看，从工艺上看，从纹饰风
格上看，这些器物又都是良渚文化的器物。这可否说明，良渚文字与商代甲骨
文有前后源流的关系？或者说：他们就是同一种文字。良渚文化时期，古人已经在使用甲骨文了。
These words are the same as the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty.
In terms of material, technology and decorative style, these artifacts are all artifacts of
Liangzhu culture. Can this explain the relationship between Liangzhu characters and
Shang Dynasty oracle bone inscriptions? Or we can say they are the same language.
During the Liangzhu culture period, the ancients were already using oracle bone inscriptions.
“ ”字，今释“五”。
“ ” means " 五" nowadays.
“ ”字，今释“千”。
“ ” means "
千" nowadays.
“ ”字，今释“大”。
“ ” means "
大" nowadays.
“ ”字，今释“亡”。卜辞中释“無”字。
“ ” means "
亡" nowadays. It means nothing.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C13-1
Figure C13-1
五 史前文字例证
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
鸟纹良渚器，玉质，紫色。
Bird pattern Liangzhu ware, jade, purple.
器身氧化成白色。
The body is oxidized to white.
宽约 20cm，高约 15cm。
The width is about 20cm and the height is about 15cm.
器身一头，刻划一只造型独特的鸟纹。这也是良渚文化中常见的纹饰。
One end of the body is carved with a unique bird pattern. This is also a common
decoration in Liangzhu culture.
良渚器物上常有这种文饰。
This kind of decoration is found on Liangzhu artifacts.
器身中部上方有一大圈。
There is a big circle above the middle of the body.
器身中部有三个字。
There are three words in the middle of the body.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C13-2
Figure C13-2
五 史前文字例证
207
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
这应是三个“火”字，像燃烧的火苗。
This should be three words "re", like a burning ame.
如果三个“火”字组合在一起，就是汉字中的“焱”字。
If the three words "re" are combined together, it is the word "焱" in Chinese
characters.
器身多处有被酸腐蚀的麻坑，白色的色浆，及造型独特的鸟文饰，证明这
是一件良渚真品无疑。
There are acid corroded hemp pits, white color paste and unique bird ornaments
on many parts of the body, which proves that it is a genuine Liangzhu product.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C14-1 正面
Figure C14-1front
五 史前文字例证
209
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
三兽纹大玉环，玉质，紫褐色。
Three large jade rings with animal patterns, jade, purple brown.
直径 16.5cm，内径 8.5cm，厚 1cm。
The diameter is 16.5cm, the inner diameter is 8.5cm and the thickness is 1cm.
正面，图 A14—1，竖写三排字。（注：从中间向外看。这也是文字书写方式。）
Front, gure A14-1, three vertical typefaces.(Note: Look out from the middle.
This is also the way of writing. ）
210
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C14-2 反面
Figure C14-2 reverse side
五 史前文字例证
211
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
正反两面共 12 个字。今可释为 -------
There are 12 words on both sides. Now it can be interpreted as-------
川 右 方 飞 壬 行行 中 名 刀
可
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES 五 史前文字例证
图 C15-1
Figure C15-1
三兽纹玉璧，，玉质，花紫色。
Three animal patterns, jade, jade, purple owers.
直径 16.5cm，孔径 6.5cm。
The diameter is 16.5cm and the pore diameter is 6.5cm.
213
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
正面，图 C15-1-1，刻有三排字，每排三个字。自上向下读。
The front, gure C15-1-1, is engraved with three rows of three characters. Read
from top to bottom.
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
图 C15-1-2
Figure C15-1-2
这正面九个字，可释为
The nine words on the front can be interpreted as
警
岳
欣 Jing Yue Xin 色
庶
焱 Se Shu Yan
头
光
燎 Head Light Liao
215
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
反面，图 C15-2，亦刻有三排字。
The reverse, gure C15-2, is also engraved with three rows.
C15-2-1
C15-2-2
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
C15-2-3
正反两面共计十八个字。这些字全是甲骨文。
There are 18 words on both sides.These words are all oracle bone inscriptions.
这正面九个字，可释为 :
The nine words on the front can be interpreted as:
217
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
图 C16-1
Figure C16-1
三兽纹玉璧，玉质，花紫色。
Three animal patterns, jade, purple owers.
直径 16.5cm，孔径 6.5cm。
The diameter is 16.5cm and the pore diameter is 6.5cm.
正面，图 A16—1，分刻有三排字，每排三个字。自上向下读。
良诸文化实物拍照
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The front, gure C16-1, is engraved with three rows of three characters. Read
from top to bottom.
C16-1-1
C16-1-2
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
C16-1-3
这正面九个字，可释为 :
The nine words on the front can be interpreted as:
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反面，图 C16-2，亦刻有三排字，每排三个字。
On the reverse side, gure C16-2, there are also three rows of three characters in
each row.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
C16-2-1
C16-1-2
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
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C16-1-3
这正面九个字，可释为 :
The nine words on the front can be interpreted as:
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正反两面共计 18 个字。全是甲骨文。
There are 18 words on both sides. It"s all oracle.
为辨认清晰，加局部放大，前后共有 8 张图片。
In order to identify clearly, add local magnification, and there are 8 pictures
before and after.
图 C17-1
Figure C17-1
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神微纹玉戉，玉质，青黑色。
God micro grain jade, jade, cyan black.
高约 20cm，宽约 12cm。
The height is about 20cm and the width is about 12cm.
戉上方有一系孔。
There is a series of holes above it.
孔周围有四个良渚文字。
There are four Liangzhu characters around Kong.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“
” Word.
“
”字。
“
” Word.
“
”字。
“
” Word.
考释这四个字，应释为 --------
These four words should be interpreted as ：
“ ”字释为“戊”字。
“ ” The character is interpreted as "戊".
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
“ ”字释为“尾”字。
“ ” The character is interpreted as "尾".
“ ”字释为“亦”字。
“ ” The character is interpreted as "
亦".
“ ”字释为“犀”字。
“ ” The character is interpreted as "
犀".
这几个甲骨文刻的十分秀美：笔法流畅，字形工整。应是良渚时期的专业
行家所为。
These oracle bone inscriptions are very beautiful: The strokes are smooth and the
shapes are neat. It should be done by professional experts in Liangzhu period.
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图 C18-1
Figure C18-1
兽纹鸟形戉，玉质，青绿色。
It is a bird shaped animal pattern, jade and turquoise.
高 24.7cm，宽约 10cm，厚 1.8cm。
It is 24.7cm high, 10cm wide and 1.8cm thick.
鸟身有一系孔，由两面管钻对钻而成。孔中有台阶。孔边有良渚常见的涡纹。
The bird has a series of holes, which are drilled by two tube drills. There are
steps in the hole. There are common vortex patterns in Liangzhu near the hole.
系孔下方有一兽面纹。
There is an animal face pattern under the tie hole.
兽面纹下方有三行文字，类似今天的行书。
There are three lines of characters under the animal face patte rn, similar to
today"s running script.
图 C18-1，正面：前两排各 5 个字，第三排 6 个字，共计 16 个字。
Figure C18-1, front: There are 5 words in the rst two rows and 6 words in the
third row, a total of 16 words.
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图 C18-1 正面
Figure C18-1 front
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图 C18-2，反面： 中间一排 6 个字，两边各 5 个字，共计 16 个字。
Figure C18-2, reverse: There are 6 words in the middle row and 5 words on both
sides, a total of 16 words.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
整器共 32 个字。文字书写流畅，像是书法行家所为。
The whole device has 32 words in total. The writing is smooth, like that of a
calligrapher.
两面图及文字，清晰可见，便不再临摹。
Both sides of the picture and text are clearly visible, so they are no longer
copied.
图上文字都是良渚持有的文字，即笔道内全是细密的水平纹。这应当是良
渚人的独创：用钻刻字。只是不知道良渚人的钻，是什么样的？或许有一天考 古学家能在地下的土层中找到，这伟大的发明。
The characters on the picture are all those held by Liangzhu, that is, the pen path
is full of ne horizontal lines. This should be the original creation of Liangzhu people:
Carve with a drill. I just don"t know what the drill of Liangzhu people is like? Maybe
one day archaeologists can nd it in the underground soil, which is a great invention.
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图 C19-1
Figure C19-1
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
竖刻三排字。
Three vertical typesetting.
前两排各 6 个字，后一排 5 个字。
There are 6 words in the rst two rows and 5 words in the last row.
整器共 35 个字。
The whole device has 35 words in total.
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图 C19-2
Figure C19-2
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器上两面文字，清晰可见。
The text on both sides of the device is clearly visible.
图 C18 与图 C19 两件器物，表面都有较厚的皮壳色浆，老旧感极强，包
浆呈深褐色。
The surface of the two artifacts shown in Figure C18 and gure C19 has a thick
skin color paste, which has a strong sense of aging, and the paste is dark brown.
包浆下方有一层白色，之后是青绿色玉质。估计这两件器物都上过白漆，
或用于美观，或用于防水土的腐蚀。南方多漆树，这有可能。
There is a layer of white under the coating, followed by Turquoise jade. It is
estimated that these two artifacts have been painted with white paint, either for beauty
or for the corrosion of waterproof soil. There are many lacquer trees in the south. It"s possible.
从书写的笔法看，良渚人写字已经相当熟练，说明甲骨文当时已经常用，
所以才能达到这样熟练的效果！
From the perspective of writing style, Liangzhu people have been quite skilled in
writing, indicating that oracle bone inscriptions were commonly used at that time, so they can achieve such a skilled eect!
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图 C20-1 正面
Figure C20-1 front
神人神兽神鸟大玉牌。玉质，紫色。高 12cm 宽 22.5cm 厚 1.2cm
God man, god beast, God Bird jade plate. Jade, purple. Height 12cm, width
22.5cm, thickness 1.2cm
正面，中间一个大神微，神人神兽。此牌非同寻常。
On the front, there is a big God micro in the middle, god man, god beast. This
card is unusual.
神微两则，是对称的神鸟及神兽的图案。
Both side of the badge are symmetrical patterns of divine birds and animals.
整个图案近似浮雕。
The whole pattern is similar to relief.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
小鸟站在三个大小不一的圆球上。
The bird stood on three balls of dierent sizes.
反面，图 C20—2，竖刻四排字，试摹如下：
The reverse side, figure C20-2, is vertically engraved with four rows of
characters, and the trial copy is as follows:
图 C20-2
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图 C20-3
自右向左读写。
Read and write from right to left.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
试释译如下：
The trial interpretation is as follows:
古 岳 山 宫 云 贞 气 向
良
曰 巫 犀
图 C21
Figure C21
图 C21-1
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图 C21-2
图 C21-3
良渚玉璧，玉质，铁褐色。
Liangzhu jade, jade, iron brown.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化例证
市场採拍，不清。
The market is not clear.
共有 4 个良渚文字。
There are four Liangzhu characters.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
“ ”字。
“ ” Word.
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4、良渚文化小结
Summary of Liangzhu Culture
（注：良渚小结在电子版中）
(Note: Liangzhu summary in electronic version)
大量的历史实物证明：距今 5500 年的良渚先民们，已经在使用甲骨文了！
这些出现在长江下游一带的甲骨文，比河南安阳出土的甲骨文，早 2000 年。
A large number of historical physical evidence: The ancestors of Liangzhu 5500
years ago are already using Oracle Bone Inscriptions! These oracle bone inscriptions
appeared in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River 2000 years earlier than those
unearthed in Anyang, Henan Province.
这太重要了！
This is so important!
这充分说明，中国史前不仅有文字，而且有成熟的文字！甲骨文作为一种
成熟的文字，在史前的某些地区，已经在广泛的使用。刻在良渚古玉器上的大
量古文字证明，甲骨文距今已有 5500 年的历史了！这是不争的事实。而且这些文字，还不是早期的文字。从我们发现的甲骨文中，都是较为成熟的文字。
This fully shows that there are not only characters in Chinese prehistory, but
also mature characters! Oracle bone style is a mature character, which has been
widely used in some prehistoric areas. A large number of ancient characters engraved
on Liangzhu ancient jade prove that oracle bone inscriptions have a history of 5500
years! This is an indisputable fact. And these words are not early words. From the oracle bone inscriptions we found, most of them are relatively mature characters.
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化小结
中国上古时期的三皇五帝，与良渚文化几乎处于同一历史阶段。良渚地区
已经在大量的使用成熟的甲骨文，三皇五帝岂能不用！可以推断，三皇五帝时 期早就开始使用文字了。使用的文字就是甲骨文。
The three emperors and ve emperors in ancient China were at almost the same
historical stage as Liangzhu culture. Liangzhu area has used a large number of mature
oracle bone inscriptions. How can the three emperors and ve emperors not use them!
It can be inferred that the three emperors and ve emperors began to use words long
ago. The words used are oracle bone inscriptions.
例如，皇帝的史官仓颉造字一说。过去都当成神话故事，今天看来，可能
完全是真实的。因为有文字，皇帝才设文字史官记事，发布文书。仓颉从事文
字工作，自然也研究文字，因需要也要创造新的字体，这极正常。所以仓颉造字一说，应当是真实的。仓颉使用文字的同时，也创造文字。
For example, Cang Jie, the historian of the emperor, said. In the past, they were
regarded as fairy tales. Today, they may be completely true. Because there were
words, the emperor set up a text historian to record events and issue documents.
Cang Jie was engaged in writing work. Naturally, he also studied writing. It was very
normal to create new fonts because of the need. Therefore, Cangjie"s words should be
true. While using words, Cangjie also created words.
再例如，《说文解字》的作者许慎，东汉文字学家，他在书中说：“典，
五帝之书也。”五帝，即三皇五帝也。典，典册也。如果無字，何以为册？何 以为典？可见，史前三皇五帝时期，已经有文字了。
For another example, Xu Shen, the author of Shuowenjiezi and a philologist of
the Eastern Han Dynasty, said in his book “Canon, the book of the ve emperors.”
Five emperors, namely three emperors and ve emperors. Canon, canon. If there is no
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word, why is it a book? What is the canon? It can be seen that there were words in the prehistoric period of the three emperors and ve emperors.
从出土的实物看，三皇五帝时期所使用的文字，应当就是甲骨文。良渚文
化中使用的大量的甲骨文，就是最好的证明。从地域上讲，长江流域与黄河流 域很接近。从时间和空间上看，都属同一历史时期。
From the unearthed objects, the characters used in the period of the three
emperors and five emperors should be oracle bone inscriptions. The large number
of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Liangzhu culture is the best proof. Geographically
speaking, the Yangtze River Basin is very close to the Yellow River Basin. In terms of time and space, they all belong to the same historical period.
新的考古实物证明，良渚文化中的甲骨文，并不是源头文字。中国舞阳贾
湖遗址出土的甲骨文，比良渚甲骨文，早 3000 年以上。是目前我国发现的， 最早的甲骨文。
The new archaeological materials prove that the oracle bone inscriptions in
Liangzhu culture are not the source characters. The oracle bone inscriptions unearthed
at the Jiahu Site in Wuyang, China, are more than 3000 years earlier than the Liangzhu oracle bone inscriptions. It is the earliest Oracle found in China.
贾湖遗址出土的龟甲等器物上的文字，有 20 多个。（经 C14 和释光测年检测）
距今约 9000—7500 年。这证明，早在 9000 年前，我们的祖先就已经在创造和 使用文字了！
There are 21 inscriptions on tortoise shells and other artifacts unearthed at Jiahu
Site. (tested in C14 and light dating) about 9000-7500 years ago. This light and gold
proves that our ancestors were already creating and using words as ear ly as 9000
years ago!
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 良渚文化小结
所以甲骨文应当是最古老的文字。
Oracle bone inscriptions should be the oldest writing.
有趣的是，贾湖遗址出土的 21 个甲骨文当中，有两个字，一个“曰”字，
一个“
”字，竟然与良渚文化中的两个甲骨文，完全相同！他们之间相隔
2500—3000 年。
Interestingly, among the 21 oracle bone inscriptions unearthed at Jiahu Site,
there are two characters, one is " 曰", the other is "
". The word is exactly the
same as the two words in Liangzhu culture I collected! They are separated by 2500- 3000 years.
贾湖遗址出土的这两个字，“曰”字和“ ”字，在安阳殷墟出土的甲
骨文中很容易就能找到，完全一样。他们之间相隔近 5000 年。
These two characters unearthed from Jiahu Site, " 曰" and“ ”. The
characters can be easily found in the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in the Yin
Ruins of Anyang. They are exactly the same. They are nearly 5000 years apart.
说到底，我们现在一直也在用这两个字，“曰”字和“ ”字。这是
两个常用的汉字。这两个字从贾湖到现在，约有 9000 年上下了！多么古老的 文字！
In the final analysis, we have been using these two words, "Yue" and“
”Word. These are two commonly used Chinese characters. These two words have been about 9000 years since Jiahu!What ancient words!
时间段不同，地域不同。两者相距遥远。但字形字意相同。我们到今天还
在使用。这说明了什么？
Dierent time periods and regions. The two are far apart. But the characters have
the same meaning. We still use it today. What does this mean?
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中国的远古文明，远不止 5000 年！
China"s ancient civilization, far more than 5000 years!
中国的甲骨文，源远流长。距今约 9000 年！
Chinese oracle bone inscriptions have a long history.About 9000 years ago!
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5、关于中国史前古文字
On Chinese Prehistoric Characters
关于中国史前文字有无的问题，一直是争论的焦点。有的人说有，有的人
说没有。我认为，“有”也好；“没有”也好，应当拿出真凭实据，证明自己
的观点，空口说白话，则缺少说服力。需解决史前文字有无的问题，应当用事实说，用实物证明。
The existence of Chinese prehistoric characters has always been the focus of
debate. Some say yes, others say no. I think it"s better to say "yes". If you say "no",
you should come up with real evidence to prove your point of view. If you speak in
white words and feel, it is lack of persuasion. To solve the problem of the existence of prehistoric characters, we should use facts and physical evidence.
历史，及历史遗物，都是社会发展的客观存在，是真实的历史证明。历史
不以任何人的主观认知为转移，这是历史及历史遗物的客观属性，谁也改变不了。
History and historical relics are the objective existence of social development
and the true historical proof. History is not transferred by anyone"s subjective
cognition, which is the objective attribute of history and historical relics, and no one can change it.
在认知历史的过程中，我们的思想方法应当是唯物的、科学的、客观的。
我们对历史的认知还很肤浅，这包括我们的考古专业人员在内，决不能自以为
是，更不能妄自尊大。这就是为什么我们所谓的一些专家，资历和职称都很高，
却在文物的文化识别和真伪鉴定上，犯了不该犯的低级错误，造成很不好的社
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会影响。
In the process of recognizing history, our thinking method should be
materialistic, scientific and objective. Our understanding of history is still very
supercial, including our archaeological professionals. We must not be self righteous,
let alone arrogant. This is why some of our so-called experts, with high qualications and professional titles, have made low-level mistakes that should not be made in the
cultural identication and authenticity identication of cultural relics and said some funny words, resulting in a very bad social impact.
其实，民间有不少收藏爱好者，原本都是外行，经过不断地学习努力，反
复实践，最后却成了专业水平很高的学者。对弘扬中华民族的历史文化做出了
很大的贡献。例如，《红山文化古玉鉴定》一书的作者，就是最好的例证，他非科班，又不是行内人，但他通过自己的努力，成就了一片辉煌。
In fact, there are many folk collectors, who were originally laymen. After
continuous learning and practice, they nally became scholars with high professional
level. It has made great contributions to carrying forward the history and culture of the
Chinese nation. For example, Xu Qiang, the author of the book "appraisal of ancient
jade of Hongshan Culture", is the best example. He is neither a profession al nor an
expert, but he has made a brilliant achievement through his own eorts.
总之，关于史前文字的有无问题，应当到史前遗址中去寻找答案，应当让
大量的史前遗物说话，让历史说话。
In short, whether there are questions about prehistoric characters or not, we
should look for answers in prehistoric sites, let a large number of prehistoric relics speak, and let history speak.
《中国史前文字与甲骨文》一书中，关于史前文字的部分，多以取证为主。
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 关于中国史前古文字
这其中又包括两部分：前一部分以各地不同遗址考古资料为主；后一部分以不
同不同地域的历史遗物为主。即实物。这部分完全由笔者自己收藏的古玉器为证。
古陶器和古玉器多是古文字的载体，由于古陶器和古玉器不易氧化腐朽，故古
人刻写在古陶器及古玉器上的古文字，历经几千年，得以留存至今。这好像是古人有意将他们所使用的古文字留给后代，留给今天的我们。
In the book "Chinese prehistoric characters and oracle bone inscriptions", the
part about prehistoric characters mostly focuses on evidence collection. This includes
two parts: The rst part focuses on the archaeological data of dierent sites in dierent
places. The latter part focuses on historical relics in dierent regions. That is, material
object. This part is completely proved by the author"s own collection of ancient jade. Ancient pottery and jade are mostly the carriers of ancient characters. Because ancient
pottery and jade are not easy to oxidize and decay, the ancient characters engraved
on ancient pottery and jade by the ancients have survived for thousands of years. It
seems that the ancients intended to leave the ancient characters they used to future
generations and us today.
关于遗址考古资料。
Archaeological data on the site.
遗址考古，通常只是少数几个或十几个专业考古人员的事情。遗址考古发
掘，外人不得进入，考古发掘出的东西，历史遗物等。只有少数考古研究人员 能看到，外人一般见不到。别说行外人，就是行内人，也未必见得到。
Site archaeology is usually just a matter of a few or more professional
archaeologists. No outsiders are allowed to enter the archaeological excavation
of the site. The archaeological excavated things, historical relics, etc. Only a few
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archaeological researchers can see it, which is generally invisible to outsiders. Let alone outsiders, even insiders may not see it.
非考古现场参与者，一般只能从考古资料、报刊或有关专业书籍上看到。
有时电视新闻也做一些报导，我们只能从考古刊物上，及有关专业书籍上，读
到有关的考古发现。见到考古发掘出的实物照片，见到实物上的文饰、文字等等。
这些资料图案，通常都注明时间、地点及地区的考古队，所以是较真实可靠的。
有些岩画图片，虽非考古专业人员所收集，也是由专业摄影人员所拍摄。时间、地点准确，所以也应当是真实可信的。
Non archaeological site participants can only be seen from archaeological
materials, newspapers or relevant professional books. Sometimes television news
also makes some reports. We can only read about archaeological discoveries from
archaeological publications and relevant professional books. See the photos of the
objects excavated by archaeology, and see the decorations and words on the objects.
These data patterns usually indicate the time, location and archaeological team of the
area, so they are more authentic and reliable. Some rock paintings are not collected by
archaeologists, but also taken by professional photographers. The time and place are accurate, so they should also be true and credible.
笔者在书中论及中国史前文字的部分，参考及引用的一些资料，主要来自
如下刊物书籍，现刊列如下，以便查证。
In the book, the author discusses the part of Chinese prehistoric characters, and
some references and citations are mainly from the following publications and books, which are listed below for verication.
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《中国历史地图集》
Atlas of Chinese History
中国社会科学院 主办
Sponsored by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
谭其骧 主编
Edited by Tan Qixiang
中国地图出版社 2014 年版
China Map Publishing House 2014 Edition
《中国艺术地图》
Map of Chinese Art
李允翊
Li Yunyi
卢小永 主编
Edited by Lu Xiaoyong
光明日报出版社 2005 年 3 月版
Guangming Daily Press, March 2005
《文物》
Cultural Relics
杨飞 主编
Edited by Yang Fei
中国文史出版社
China literature and history Publishing House
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光明日报出版社 2004 年 1 月版
Guangming Daily Press, January 2004
《历代文物装饰文字图鉴》
Pictorial of Decorative Characters of Cultural Relics of Previous Dynasties
李明君 编著
Edited by Li Mingjun
人民美术出版社 2001 年 10 月版
People"s Art Publishing House, October 2001 Edition
《艺用古文字图案》
Ancient Characters and Patterns for Art
刘勉怡 编
Edited by Liu mianyi
湖南美术出版社 1990 年 7 月版
Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House, July 1990 edition
《漢字字源入门》
Introduction to the Source of Chinese Characters
王宏源 著
Written by Wang Hongyuan
华语教学出版社 2005 年第二版
Chinese language teaching press, Second Edition, 2005
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《红山文化古玉鉴定》
Appraisal of Ancient Jade of Hongshan Culture
徐强 著
Written by Xu Qiang
华艺出版社 2007 年 10 月版
Huayi publishing house, October 2007
《古陶器》
Ancient Pottery
华文图景收藏项目组 编
Compilation of Chinese picture collection project
中国转工业出版社 2008 年 7 月版
China transfer industry press, July 2008 Edition
《红山古玉藏珍》
Ancient Jade Treasures in Hongshan
刘根峰
Liu genfeng
金永田 著
Written by Jin Yongtian
万卷出版公司 2007 年 5 月版
Wanjuan publishing company, May 2007 Edition关于中国史前古文字
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《简朋中国历史图册》
Jian Peng Atlas of Chinese History
中国历史博物馆 编
Edited by Chinese History Museum
天津人民美术出版社 1978 年 9 月版
Tianjin People"s Art Publishing House, September 1978 Edition
《中华远古祖先的发明》
The Invention of Ancient Chinese Ancestors
廖彩梁 编著
Edited by Liao Cailiang
科学普及出版社广州分社 1982 年 3 月版
Science popularization press, Guangzhou Branch, March 1982
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6、关于历史遗物实物文字
On the Physical Text of Historical Relics
笔者在本书的中国史前文字部分中，重点例举几十件实物文字证据，这是
笔者近十几年收藏过程中，在不同地点，不同的时间，从不同的人与部门收藏
的约 150 件古玉中挑选出来的。我主要收藏的就是红山文化、良渚文化、和马
家窑齐家文化。特别是古玉，特别是带有古文字的古玉，重点收藏，这主要是对古文字特别感兴趣。这也是今天我能写这本书的主要原因之一。
In the Chinese prehistoric text part of this book, the author focuses on citing
dozens of physical text evidence, which was selected from about 150 ancient jade
collected by dierent people and departments in dierent places and at dierent times
during the collection process of the author in recent ten years. My main collections are
Hongshan culture, Liangzhu Culture and Majiayao Qijia culture. In particular, ancient
jade, especially ancient jade with ancient characters, is mainly collected, which is
mainly of special interest in ancient characters. This is one of the main reasons why I
want to write this book today.
既然是收藏，不管是个人收藏，还是博物馆的馆藏文物，都涉及到文物的
文化区分和真伪鉴定问题。从走进这行的第一天起，就开始和真伪打交道，如
果器物不真，其他一切免谈。到目前为止，还没有哪一种技术设备能够对古玉
文的文化及真伪，作出科学的鉴定。目前对古玉真伪的鉴定，只能靠知识和经验。
Since it is a collection, whether it is a personal collection or a museum"s
collection of cultural relics, it is related to the cultural distinction and authenticity
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identication of cultural relics. From the rst day in this eld, I began to deal with
authenticity. If the artifacts are not true, nothing else is involved. So far, no technical
equipment can scientifically identify the culture and authenticity of ancient jade
inscriptions. At present, the identication of ancient jade can only rely on knowledge and experience.
知识：不仅包括文物本身的知识，还应当包括与文物有关联的其他专业的
知识，如古人类学；地质学；古生物学等等。不仅要知道本地域的历史文化演变，
还应当知道全国其他区域各种古文化的历史演变等。如果没有一定深厚的文化及专业知识，眼珠再大，也无济于事，鉴定取决于知识。
Knowledge: It includes not only the knowledge of cultural relics themselves,
but also the knowledge of other specialties related to cultural relics, such as
Paleoanthropology, Geology, Paleontology and so on. We should not only know
the historical and cultural evolution of the local region, but also know the historical
evolution of various ancient cultures in other regions of the country. Without a certain
profound culture and professional knowledge, no matter how big your eyes are, it won"t help. Identication depends on knowledge.
经验：在长期的社会实践中，不断地把各种古玉器拿在手中，反复观察古
玉的形制、文饰、颜色、包浆等等。时间久了，就会对古玉的老旧感产生一种
独特的感觉。同时，借助 10 倍放大镜和强光手电的帮助，可以对古玉的细部
进行观察：首先，可以看到古玉表面颜色的变化及光亮度，这实际是由于氧化
作用而在玉器的表面形成的一层包浆。还可以看到钙斑，绺裂及独特的蚀斑及
孔洞等等。这都是玉质埋在地下的坑洞中不断氧化的结果。特别是北方地区的
古玉，如红山古玉最为明显。古玉在自然界中形成的这些变化，是现在人工无法伪作的。伪作只能形似。伪作再“乱真”，也踏不进“真”的门槛。
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Experience: In the long-term social practice, he kept holding all kinds of ancient
jade in his hands and repeatedly observed the shape, decoration, color, pulp wrapping
and so on. Over time, you will have a unique feeling about the old feeling of ancient
jade. At the same time, with the help of 10x magnifying glass and strong light
ashlight, the details of ancient jade can be observed. First of all, we can see the color
change and brightness of the ancient jade surface, which is actually a layer of coating
slurry formed on the jade surface due to oxidation. Calcium spots, grain cracks and
unique corrosion spots and holes can also be seen. This is the result of continuous
oxidation of jade buried in underground pits. Especially the ancient jade in the north,
such as Hongshan ancient jade, is the most obvious. These changes of ancient jade
formed in nature can not be articially made now.
由于南北方的水质不同，南方是酸性水质，故南方古玉的氧化结果，与北
方不大相同，如良渚古玉。南方古玉的表面多像包了一层白色的薄膜，玉型较 为完整。
Due to the dierent water quality between the South and the north, the south is
acidic, so the oxidation results of ancient jade in the south are not the same as those
in the north, such as Liangzhu ancient jade. The surface of Southern ancient jade is mostly wrapped with a white lm, and the jade type is relatively complete.
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7、关于古玉的文化属性
On the Cultural Attribute of Ancient Jade
古玉器是古文字的载体之一，古玉器的文化属性确定了，那么古文字的属
性也就确定了。所以，确定古玉的文化属性十分重要。
Ancient jade is one of the carriers of ancient characters. If the cultural attribute
of ancient jade is determined, the attribute of ancient characters will be determined. Therefore, it is very important to determine the cultural attribute of ancient jade.
我们知道，任何古玉及古文字都具有时空性。不同的历史区域，和不同的
历史年代会产生不同的古玉器及不同的古文字。这主要包括材质不同、工艺不同、
造型不同、风格不同、文饰不同、文字不同。古玉的鉴定，必然包括古玉文化属性的鉴定。
We know that any ancient jade and ancient characters have time and space.
Different historical regions and different historical periods will produce different
ancient jade articles and dierent ancient characters. This mainly includes dierent
materials, processes, shapes, styles, decorations and characters. The identication of ancient jade must include the identication of the cultural attribute of ancient jade.
古玉器的文化属性，主要包括造型、文饰、风格等。笔者主要讲三种文化
属性。
The cultural attributes of ancient jade mainly include modeling, decoration,
style, etc.The author mainly talks about three cultural attributes.
其一：红山文化属性。前面已经讲过，红山文化主要分布在辽河流域及周
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边广大地区，该地区地下、山上及河谷中，分布有大量的玉质矿石，主要是以 釉玉为主。这为红山玉文化的发展，提供了得天独厚的物质条件。
First: Hongshan cultural attribute. As mentioned earlier, Hongshan culture is
mainly distributed in the Liaohe River Basin and surrounding areas. There are a large
number of jade ores distributed underground, on the mountains and in the river valley,
mainly glazed jade. This provides unique material conditions for the development of Hongshan jade culture.
红山玉器，体量大，数量多。以人物类、动物类为多，造型上多以圆雕写
实为主。笔者收藏多个男女大玉人，高 1.2M 左右，单个重 150 多斤，玉质黑绿色， 用写实法雕刻。
Hongshan jade is large in size and quantity. Most of them are figures and
animals, and most of them are round sculptures and realistic in shape. The author
collects a number of large jade men and women, about 1.2m high, weighing more
than 100 kg each. The jade is black and green and carved by realistic method.
红山玉文化兴旺发达，应为全国之最。文字多以减地起阳法刻写。人物美
术图案生动写实，极具神韵。具有北方玉器的独特风格。
Hongshan jade culture is prosperous and should be the most in the country. The
characters are mostly engraved with the method of subtracting ground and rising
Yang. The gure art pattern is vivid and realistic, with great charm. It has the unique style of northern jade.
其二，良渚文化属性。良渚文化主要分布在长江下游及太湖流域，古玉器
数量相对较少。体量大的良渚玉件更是少见，人及动物的圆雕作品几乎没有，
较常见的玉器造型：如玉琮、玉璧、玉镯、玉杵等等。但良渚文化玉器有一个
显要的特点，就是在绝大部分的玉件上都刻有文饰，最常见的就是“涡纹”、“兽
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面纹”，蝉纹重器常刻有“神微”的符号。
Second, It’s the cultural attribute of Liangzhu. Liangzhu culture is mainly
distributed in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Taihu Lake Basin, and the
number of ancient jade is relatively small. Liangzhu jade pieces with large volume
are even rare. There are almost no round carvings of people and animals. The more
common jade shapes are: Such as jade Cong, jade Bi, jade bracelet, jade pestle, etc.
However, an important feature of Liangzhu Culture jade is that most jade pieces are
engraved with literary ornaments, the most common are "vortex pattern" and "animal face pattern", and heavy articles are often engraved with the symbol of "Shenwei".
只要了解良渚玉器文饰的特点，良渚玉器一看便知。
As long as you understand the characteristics of Liangzhu jade ornaments, you
can know at a glance.
其三：马家窑齐家文化属性。这类文化主要分布在中国西北部黄河上游地
区，大型圆雕玉器少见。人和动物的图案主要刻画在玉器表面，人的头部刻画
非常奇特简洁。能够代表马家窑齐家文化特点的主要是彩陶。画面精美，极其艺术性。
Third: Majiayao is the cultural attribute of Qijia. This kind of culture is mainly
distributed in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in Northwest China, and large
round carved jade is rare. Human and animal patterns are mainly depicted on the
surface of jade, and the depiction of human head is very strange and concise. The
painted pottery can represent the characteristics of Majiayao Qijia culture. The picture is exquisite and artistic.
黄土高原，黄土丰厚，取之不尽。这为西北古代先民制陶业的发展，提供
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 关于古玉的文化属性
了独特的物质基础。
The Loess Plateau is rich and inexhaustible.This provides a unique material basis
for the development of ancient ancestors" pottery industry in Northwest China.
可见，不同的历史区域，不同的自然社会环境，造就了不同地区的历史文化。
使不同地区的文物，无一例外的具有地区的文化属性。
It can be seen that different historical regions and different natural and social
environments have created the history and culture of different regions. So that the
cultural relics in dierent regions, without exception, have the cultural attributes of the region.
其四：古玉的工艺特征。不同地域的古玉器，使用的工具不同，工艺也不同。
Fourth: The technological characteristics of ancient jade. Ancient jades in
dierent regions use dierent tools and dierent crafts.
认识和了解古玉器，必须要了解不同地域古玉制作的工艺特征，这很重要。
这对于古玉真伪和古玉文化属性的鉴定很有帮助。特别是良渚文化玉器，借助
放大镜一看线条就可以断定。这就是因为良渚文化使用的工具独特，刀头带有旋转性，所以刻划的线条也独特。
To know and understand ancient jade, we must understand the process
characteristics of ancient jade making in dierent regions, which is very important.
This is very helpful for the identication of the authenticity of ancient jade and t he
cultural attribute of ancient jade. In particular, the jade wares of Liangzhu culture can
be judged by looking at the lines with the help of a magnifying glass. This is because the tools used in Liangzhu culture are unique and seem to have a rotating type, so the lines are also unique.
总之，笔者在有关中国史前文字的论述中，所拍的实物图片，大部分是自
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己的藏品，首次面试。这对于从事古文化和古文字研究的专家学者可能很有帮助，
很多专家都认为，甲骨文是较成熟的文字。甲骨文在发现之前，还应当有一段
漫长的发生、发展的历史过程。还应当有比甲骨文更古老的文字，但手里因缺少实物证据而困惑。
In short, in the discussion of Chinese prehistoric characters, most of the
physical pictures taken by the author are their own collections and are interviewed
for the rst time. This may be very helpful for experts and scholars engaged in the
study of ancient culture and ancient characters. Many experts believe that oracle
bone inscriptions are more mature characters. Before the discov ery of oracle bone
inscriptions, there should be a long historical process of occurrence and development.
There should also be characters older than oracle bone inscriptions, but they are confused by the lack of physical evidence.
笔者的目的之一，就是为学者专家提供研究的实物证据，供专家学者考证
探求。如专家学者需要，笔者可提供实物，供专家上手当面验证。
One of the purposes of the author is to provide physical evidence for scholars
and experts to research and explore. If required by experts and scholars, the author can provide real objects for experts to verify face-to-face.
事实胜于雄辩。
Actions speak louder than words.
真实的史前遗物就摆在眼前。
Real prehistoric relics are in front of us.
古玉、古文字清清楚楚。
Ancient jade and ancient characters are clear.
例举实物，经“料、工、形、纹”四方面审查，均无差错。完全符合古玉、
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古文字的区域属性。
For example, the real object has been reviewed in four aspects of "material,
work, shape and pattern", and there is no error. It fully conforms to the regional attributes of ancient jade and ancient characters.
这足以证明，距今约 5000 年以前的史前文化时期，中国已经有了文字，
而且是史前古人已经使用过的文字。大量的物证证明，这已经是铁的事实。事
实证明，是我们低估了古人的聪明才智。古人所创造的历史文明，可能远超出我们的想象！史前文字的存在，就是一例证。
This is enough to prove that in the prehistoric cultural period abou t 5000
years ago, there were words, and they were used by the prehistoric ancients. A
lot of material evidence proves that this is an iron fact. Facts have proved that we
underestimated the wisdom of the ancients. The historical civilization created by the
ancients may be far beyond our imagination! The existence of prehistoric characters is an example.
我们都认为，甲骨文距今 3500 年左右。但从良渚古玉上发现了很多的古
文字，字形与安阳甲骨文完全相同，这说明什么？
We all believe that oracle bone inscriptions are about 3500 years old. However,
many ancient characters have been found on Liangzhu ancient jade. The font is
exactly the same as Anyang oracle bone inscriptions. What does this mean?
距今 3500 年的甲骨文，与距今 5500 年前的文字完全相同，这说明 5500
年前的良渚人已经使用甲骨文了，甲骨文使用的历史期限，应当推到 5500 年前。
The oracle inscriptions 3500 years ago are exactly the same as those 5500
years ago, which shows that the Liangzhu people 5500 years ago have used oracle
inscriptions, and the historical period of the use of Oracle Inscriptions should be
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pushed to 5500 years ago.
而且，这还不是甲骨文的源头。源头很可能在黄河中游及周边广大地区。
Moreover, this is not the source of Oracle. The source is likely to be in the
middle reaches of the Yellow River and the surrounding areas.
1989 年《文物》第一期杂志，刊出了河南文物研究所撰写的，关于在河南
舞阳县贾湖遗址的发掘简报，惊动世界。其中，发掘出的历史遗物中，带有契
刻文字的遗物就有十七例。这些文字分别刻刻在甲骨上、石上及陶器上。其中
刻在龟甲上的刻符 9 例，骨器上 5 例，陶器上 3 例。这些古字均是契刻而成，
这么多的器物上都刻有文字，说明文字在当时已经普遍的使用。更重要的是，
其中不少文字与商代甲骨文惊人的相似，如其中的“目”字与“曰”字；“走”
字等。贾湖文化距今已有 9000 年左右，这些贾湖遗址出土的文字，要比安阳
殷墟出土的甲骨文早 5000 多年。这比世界最早的文字埃及纸草文书还要早
。
In 1989, the first issue of cultural relics magazine published a brief report on
the excavation of Jiahu Site in Wuyang County, Henan Province, written by Henan
Institute of cultural relics, which shocked the world. Among the excavated historical
relics, there are 17 relics with deed inscriptions. These characters are engraved on
oracle bones, stones and pottery. Among them, there were 9 engraved symbols on
tortoise shells, 5 on bone vessels and 3 on pottery. These ancient characters are all
carved by deed. So many artifacts are engraved with words, indicating that words
were widely used at that time. More importantly, many of them are surprisingly
similar to the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty, such as the words " 目"
and " 曰", "
走" and so on. Jiahu culture dates back about 9000 years. The characters
unearthed at Jiahu Site are more than 5000 years earlier than the oracle bones
unearthed at Yin Ruins in Anyang. This is about 2000 years earlier than the earliest
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written Egyptian papyrus instrument in the world.
经专家研究，这些字的结构、书写特点等与今天的汉子基本结构相一致。
这为研究中国文字起源提供了宝贵的实物资料。
Through expert research, the structure and writing characteristics of these
characters are consistent with the basic structure of today"s men.This provides valuable material for the study of the origin of Chinese characters.
北京大学的古文字学家也认为，“这些符号应该是一种文字”。
Paleographers at Peking University also believe that "these symbols should be a
kind of writing".
不少学者认为，“贾湖契刻的发现，为商代甲骨文的历史源头探索，提供
了可靠的证据”
Many scholars believe that "the discovery of Jiahu Qike provides reliable
evidence for the exploration of the historical source of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty"
历史遗物上的古文字真真切切，清清楚楚，可我们的一些专家就是不愿意
承认现实。例如，去年八月的中央频道科教节目中，一个专家面对广大公共公 然说：良渚没有文字。他并没有讲出理由。这让人很不可思议。
The ancient characters on the historical relics are true and clear, but some of our
experts are unwilling to admit the reality. For example, in the science and education
program of China central channel on August 7 last year, an expert openly said to the public: Liangzhu has no words. It"s incredible that he didn"t give a reason.
还有的专家说：不能读音的只能叫符号，不能叫文字，这种说法也让人费解。
古文字是一种历史的客观存在，古文字的文字性质永远都不可改变。你解读它了，
它是文字；你没有解读它，它还是文字，这是不以任何人的主观意念为转移的
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
客观真理。
Other experts said: Those who cannot pronounce can only be called symbols,
not words, which is also puzzling. Ancient writing is an objective existence of history,
and the character of ancient writing can never be changed. You understand it, it"s text.
If you have not understood it, it is still a text, which is an objective truth that is not transferred by anyone"s subjective ideas.
例如甲骨文，单字有 5000 多个，到目前为止能被识读的只有 1500 多个。
你总不能说能被识读的这 1500 多字是文字，其它暂未被识读的 3500 多字就不 是文字？
For example, Oracle has more than 5000 words, and so far only more than 1500
can be read. You can"t say that the more than 1500 words that can be read are words,
and the other more than 3500 words that have not been read are not words?
最后甲骨文是一种较为成熟的文字，这已经得到全社会的共识。
Finally, Orace is a relatively mature script, which has been the
consensus of the whole society 笔者在本文中用大量的实物例证，证明在史前时期，红山文化、良渚文化、
马家窑等文化中，已经在使用古文字了。良渚文化中还发现了大量的甲骨文，
而且其中很多字是今天已被释读的甲骨文。历史实物证明，良渚文化时期，良渚人已在广泛使用甲骨文，而且这些甲骨文与商代的甲骨文如出一辙。
In this paper, the author uses a large number of physical examples to prove that
ancient characters have existed and are being used in Hongshan culture, Liangzhu
culture, Majiayao and other cultures in the prehistoric period. Many oracle bone
inscriptions have also been found in Liangzhu culture, and many of them are oracle
bone inscriptions that have been interpreted today. Historical materials prove that
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 关于古玉的文化属性
the Liangzhu people have widely used oracle bone inscriptions during the Liangzhu
culture period, and these oracle bone inscriptions are the same as those in the Shang
Dynasty.
从距今 3500 年的安阳甲骨文，到良渚文化时期的甲骨文，再到贾湖遗址
时期的甲骨文，前后走过了大约 9000 年的漫漫历程，一脉相承。这证明，甲
骨文是世界最古老的文字。中华民族的古老文明，可以追溯到 9000 年前。
From the oracle bone inscriptions 3500 years ago, to the oracle bone inscriptions
of Liangzhu culture, and then to the oracle bone inscriptions of Jiahu Site, it has gone
through a long process of 9000 years, and it is still in use today. This proves that
oracle bone inscriptions are the oldest characters in the world. The ancient civilization of the Chinese nation can be traced back to 9000 years ago.
思想保守的人听了可能会摇头，但真真切切的历史遗址及历史遗物就摆在
你面前，由不得你不信。除非你能拿出真实的有说服力的证据，推翻这些历史
遗址及历史遗物的真实性。对于中国的古老文明，外国专家不愿承认，这很好理解、但在事实面前他们迟早会低下头。
63.Conservative people may shake their heads, but the real historical sites and
relics are in front of you. You can"t help but believe it. Unless you can produc e real
and convincing evidence to overturn the authenticity of these historical sites and
historical relics. It is easy to understand that foreign experts are unwilling to admit
China"s ancient civilization, but they will bow their heads in the face of the facts
sooner or later.
我们应当重新认识我们的历史文化，由于传统思维的作用，我们常常低估
了古人的聪明才智。进而低估了我们的史前的辉煌文化。
We should re-recognize our history and culture. Due to the role of traditional
thinking, we often underestimate the wisdom of the ancients. And underestimated our glorious prehistoric culture.
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中国賈湖遗址部分古文字〈甲骨文〉 Some ancient characters of Jiahu Site in China
注：以上临摹古文字，取自河南文物研究所发掘简报及相关文化资料
Note:The above copied ancient characters are taken from the excavation brieng
and relevant cultural materials of Henan Institute of cultural relics.
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六、甲骨及甲骨文
6、 Oracle Bones and Inscriptions
1.
玉跪人
1. Jade Kneeling Man
高：23cm
Height:23cm
厚：11cm
Thickness:11cm
宽：8.5cm
Wide: 8.5 cm
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2. 赤龟壳
2.Red Turtle Shell
黑色龟 -1
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AND ORACLE BONES
黑色龟 -2
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黑色龟 -3
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AND ORACLE BONES
黑色龟 -4
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黑色龟 -5
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AND ORACLE BONES
大白龟 -1
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大白龟 -2
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AND ORACLE BONES
大白龟 -3
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小白龟 -1
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小白龟 -2
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小白龟 -3
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AND ORACLE BONES
小白龟 -4
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3. 牛头骨
3.Bovine Skull
A-1
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AND ORACLE BONES
A-2
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A-1 A-3
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AND ORACLE BONES
B-1
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B-2
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B-3
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B-4
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4. 红色龟腹甲
4.Red Tortoise Belly Armor
A-1
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A-2
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A-3
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B-1 正面
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B-2 反面
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C-1
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AND ORACLE BONES
C-2
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C-3
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D-1
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D-2
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D-3
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E-1
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AND ORACLE BONES
E-2
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E-3
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F-1
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F-2
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F-3
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F-4
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AND ORACLE BONES
G-1
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G-2
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AND ORACLE BONES
H-1
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6. 红、黑色甲骨
6. Red and Black Oracle Bones
黑特
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AND ORACLE BONES
黑 1
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黑 2
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黑 3
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黑 4
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AND ORACLE BONES
黑 4-1
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黑 5
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AND ORACLE BONES
黑 5-1
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黑 5-2
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AND ORACLE BONES
黑 6
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黑 6-1
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AND ORACLE BONES
黑 7-1
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黑 7-2
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AND ORACLE BONES
黑 8-1
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黑 8-2
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AND ORACLE BONES
黑 9-1
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黑 9-2
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AND ORACLE BONES
黑 10-1
335
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黑 10-2
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AND ORACLE BONES
黑 10-3
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黑 11-1
338
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
黑 11-2
339
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
黑 12
340
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
红 A-1
341
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
红 A-2
342
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
红 B
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PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
7. 鸟纹白甲骨
7. Bird Pattern White Oracle Bone
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AND ORACLE BONES
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中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
8. 带图白甲骨
8. White Oracle Bone With Figure
389
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390
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413
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
414
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
415
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
416
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
417
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
418
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
419
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
420
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
421
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
422
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
423
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
424
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
425
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
426
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
427
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
428
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
429
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
430
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
431
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
432
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
433
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
434
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
435
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
9. 小龟壳类
9. Small Turtle Shells
436
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
437
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
438
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
439
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
440
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
441
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
442
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
443
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
444
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
445
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
446
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
447
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
10. 古格言甲骨
10. Ancient Saying Oracle Bone
448
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
449
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
11. 牛、羊肩胛骨
11. Shoulder Blades of Cattle and Sheep
450
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
451
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
452
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
453
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
454
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
455
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
456
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
457
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
458
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
459
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
460
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
461
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
462
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
463
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
464
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
465
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
466
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
467
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
468
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
469
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
470
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
471
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
472
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
473
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
474
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
475
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
476
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
477
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
478
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
479
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
480
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
481
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
482
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
483
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
484
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
485
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
486
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
487
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
488
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
489
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
490
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
491
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
492
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
493
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
494
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
495
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
496
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
497
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
498
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
499
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
500
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
501
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
502
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
503
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
504
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
505
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
506
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
507
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
508
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
509
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
510
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
511
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
512
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
513
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
514
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
515
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
516
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
517
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
518
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
519
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
520
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
521
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
522
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
523
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
524
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
525
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
526
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
527
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
528
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
529
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
530
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
531
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
532
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
533
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
534
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
535
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
536
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
537
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
538
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
539
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
540
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
541
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
542
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
543
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
544
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
545
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
546
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
547
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
548
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
549
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
550
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
551
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
552
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
553
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
554
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
555
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
556
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
557
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
558
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
559
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
560
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
561
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
562
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
563
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
564
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
565
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
566
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
567
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
568
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
569
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
570
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
571
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
572
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
573
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
574
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
575
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
576
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
577
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
578
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
579
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
580
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
581
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
582
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
583
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
584
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
585
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
586
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
587
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
588
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
12. 牛下颌骨
12. Bovine Mandible
589
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
590
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
591
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
592
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES
593
PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS AND ORACLE BONES 六、甲骨及甲骨文
594
中国史前文字与甲骨文PREHISTORIC CHINESE CHARACTERS
AND ORACLE BONES